New approach to unsupported ReS2 nanorod catalyst for upgrading of heavy crude oil using methane as hydrogen source

Highly active ReS₂ nanocatalysts were prepared by CVD method and characterized by XRD, BET -BJH, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, TPR, NH₃-TPD, SEM, and HRTEM techniques. Catalytic activities were used in upgrading heavy crude oil using methane as hydrogen source. The results showed a significant increase in API and decrease in sulfur and nitrogen content of crude oil. RSM technique was used to investigate the interactive effects of temperature (200–400 °C), pressure (20–40 bar) and dosage of nanocatalyst (0.5–2 wt. %) on the performance of HDS reaction. The results represent that the maximum predicted HDS activity (74.375%) was estimated under the optimal conditions (400 °C, 20 bars, and 2 wt % of nanocatalyst). Also, the effect of reaction temperature, pressure and dosage of ReS₂ nanorods catalyst on HDN of heavy crude oil was investigated and highest efficiency in the HDN process (93%) occurred at 400 °C and 40 bar using 2 wt % ReS₂.     

Radial gas mixing in a fluidized bed using response surface methodology

Radial gas mixing in a fluidized bed was studied using response surface methodology (RSM), which enables effect examinations of parameters with a moderate number of experiments. All experiments were conducted in a 0.29-m ID fluidized-bed cold model. The gas dispersion process within the bed is described using the dispersed plug flow model. Pure carbon dioxide was used as the tracer gas, continuously injected into the center of the bed by a point source. The downstream radial tracer concentration profile was measured using a gas chromatograph.The radial gas dispersion coefficient, D_r, was well correlated with operating parameters and the particle and gas properties: (U−U_mf)/U_mf, H_s/d_b, φ_d, and Ar, with a determination coefficient R² of 0.966. Effect test indicates that the dimensionless characteristic velocity, (U−U_mf)/U_mf, has the most significant influence on D_r, while the static bed height to bed diameter ratio, H_s/d_b, is less remarkable. The interactions of (U−U_mf)/U_mf with the distributor open-area ratio, φ_d, and with the Archimedes number, Ar, both play important roles. An evolutive response surface model was proposed to describe the radial gas mixing in the bubbling/slugging fluidization regimes.     

Study on the performance of Cd2+ sorption using dimethylethylenediamine-modified zinc-based MOF (ZIF-8-mmen): optimization of the process by RSM technique

ABSTRACT

Cadmium as a highly toxic metal is released into the environment through paper production, metal processing, phosphate fertilizers, insecticides, and treatment of wastewater. Cadmium also inhibits the body activities and is very toxic for kidney and other organisms. In the current study, zinc-based metal–organic framework, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8, was synthesized and modified by dimethylethylenediamine (ZIF-8-mmen) for the removal of cadmium. To optimize the experiments, response surface methodology was applied with three variables including pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time using central composite design. The optimum conditions for pH, dosage, and time were 2, 0.1 g, and 89 min, respectively, with removal efficiency of 85.38%. The Langmuir isotherm (q _m = 1000 mg/g) indicates the monolayer adsorption. The kinetic studies reveal that the Lagergren model was predominant and cadmium was not chemisorbed. Thermodynamic parameters show spontaneous, endothermic, and physisorption processes.     

Improved response surface method based on sample point selection strategies

In the reliability analysis of complex structures,response surface method(RSM)has been suggested as an efficient technique to estimate the actual but implicit limit state function.A set of sample points are needed to fit to the implicit function.It has been noted that the accuracy of RSM depends highly on the so-called sample points.However,the technique for point selection has had little attention.In the present study,an improved response surface method(IRSM)based on two sample point selection techniques,named the direction cosines projected strategy(DCS)and the limit step length iteration strategy(LSS),is investigated.Since it uses the sampling points selected to be located in the region close to the original failure surface,and since it needs only one response surface,the IRSM should be accurate and simple in practical structural problems.Applications to several typical examples have helped to elucidate the successful working of the IRSM.     

响应曲面法优化河蚬发酵去腥工艺

采用生物发酵法对河蚬进行去腥处理,通过单因素试验研究酵母用量、发酵温度和发酵时间对去腥效果的影响,再运用响应曲面试验设计进行优化试验,确定最佳发酵去腥工艺条件。其最佳工艺条件为：以lOOg河蚬计,酵母2g、发酵温度36℃、发酵时间2h。     

基于改进支持向量机的高维隐写盲检测方法

针对高维大样本空间中支持向量机( SVM)存在计算复杂度高、分类精度低等问题,在随机子空间方法与主成分分析方法的基础上,提出一种特征加权支持向量机的高维隐写盲检测方法。通过随机子空间对原始高维样本的特征空间进行随机采样,产生多个低维的特征子集,在特征子集中采用主成分分析法进行特征提取,并利用卡方统计计算特征权重,运用特征加权核函数训练各基SVM分类器,并用多数投票法融合各基分类器结果得到最终分类结果。对HUGO隐写算法的实验结果表明,该方法能有效降低SVM计算复杂度,与传统方法相比,具有较高的隐写检测率和更快的分类速度。     

基于改进粒子群优化算法的外转子永磁同步电机的多目标优化设计

为降低外转子永磁同步电机(ERPMSM) 作为皮带输送机驱动电机时的永磁体成本并提高电机性能,提出基于响应面法(RSM)和改进多目标粒子群优化(IMOPSO)算法的优化设计方法。在建立电机基本结构的基础上,将永磁体尺寸、气隙长度、槽口宽度等作为优化参数,将永磁体成本、输出转矩、转矩脉动等作为优化目标。通过参数灵敏度分析筛选出显著参数,基于RSM结合有限元仿真建立样本空间,并拟合出优化目标和优化参数的函数关系,通过IMOPSO寻优。最后对比优化前后的方案结果,所提多目标优化算法准确可靠且具有更好的收敛性和多样性,能够在降低永磁体成本的同时优化电机的性能。     

Investigation of machining characteristics in rotary ultrasonic machining of alumina ceramic

Alumina ceramic is well documented as a much-demanded advanced ceramic in the present competitive structure of manufacturing and industrial applications owing to its excellent and superior properties. The current article aimed to experimentally investigate the influence of several process variables, namely: spindle speed, feed rate, coolant pressure, and ultrasonic power, on considered machining characteristics of interest, i.e., chipping size and material removal rate in the rotary ultrasonic machining of alumina ceramic. Response surface methodology has been employed in the form of a central composite rotatable design to design the experiments. Variance analysis testing has also been performed with a view to observing the consequence of the considered parameters. The microstructure of machined rod samples was evaluated and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. This analysis has revealed and confirmed the presence of plastic deformation that caused removal of material along with brittle fractures in rotary ultrasonic machining of alumina ceramic. The validity and competence of the developed mathematical model have been verified with test results. The multi-response optimization of machining responses (material removal rate and chipping size) has also been attempted by employing a desirability approach, and at an optimized parametric setting the obtained experimental values for material removal rate and chipping size were 0.4166?mm³/s and 0.5134?mm, respectively, with a combined desirability index value of 0.849.     

Optimizing process parameters for laser beam micro-marking using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization

Laser micro-marking is an efficient technique for permanent marking and logo printing on materials. This study details the selection of an optimal parametric combination for laser micro-marking. In this work, markings were performed on Gallium Nitride (GaN) with varying the levels of marking parameters. The parameters considered in the present work are current (A), pulse frequency (Hz), and scanning speed (mm/sec). This experiment was designed using a “central composite design,” grounded in the response surface methodology. Mark intensity, which is a prominent response in laser marking, was considered the output response. The data interpretation involved analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mathematical modelling between the input parameters. It is essential to determine the relationship and significance of input-output variation. The interaction effect of various input parameters on mark intensity was also studied. Finally, two techniques, namely genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were applied, and the optimal settings of input constraints were predicted.     

基于响应面的变复杂度气动分析模型

结合变复杂度和响应面近似建模方法，采用CFD和工程估算气动分析方法，构建了基于响应面校准的变复杂度气动分析模型。以冲压发动机导弹为例，采用拉丁超方取样技术，选取6个CFD计算状态，建立了差值和比值校准响应面，并比较校准后的气动性能与CFD分析。结果显示，基于差值校准响应面的变复杂度方法具有较好的逼近能力和计算效率，适合于飞行器多学科设计优化过程的气动分析。