两种在用发动机油氧化衰变情况监控方法对比分析

分析了两种常用监控在用发动机油氧化衰变情况的试验方法，并通过监控试验数据，探讨酸值和红外两种监测方法的各自特点，提出高档发动机油酸值变化极限值应区别于中低档发动机油的观点，为今后监控在用发动机油选用合适的试验方法和标准提供了参考。     

Fuzzy deduction methods of selecting the underwater terrain navigation matching area

To overcome the problems of not describing terrain matching characteristics totally with a single terrain feature parameter in underwater navigation terrain database, an evaluation method named Vague set is proposed to describe the terrain suitability comprehensively based on the fuzzy decision making (FDM) method. The membership functions and non-membership functions of the Vague set are used to define the influence of the terrain map characteristics parameters on matching suitability, and comprehensive evaluation values of matching areas are obtained by the weighted score function method. Simulation results demonstrate that the terrain map suitability is positively proportional to the comprehensive evaluation value, while the matching position error is negatively proportional to the comprehensive evaluation value of the matching area. The Vague set can choose the optimal matching areaeffectively, and solve the problem that the single topographic map featurecannot evaluate suitability comprehensively.     

用于数据挖掘的TAN分类器的研究与应用

分类是数据挖掘和模式识别中的一个基本和重要的课题。文中讨论了基于贝叶斯学习的TAN分类器的基本概念和分类算法,同时将分类器算法和具体分类算法结合为一个完整的有效算法。用某高校人才识别系统这一实例来说明TAN分类器的推理过程,并介绍了TAN分类器在数据挖掘领域的应用。实验结果表明TAN分类器具有较好的分类性能和较高的分类精度。     

基于不完全数据的TAN学习算法

TAN算法是一种针对复杂数据且在实际中具有极强的学习能力的有效算法,它已被广泛应用于数据挖掘、机器学习和模式识别领域。由于现实世界中的数据大多是不完全数据,研究了怎样使TAN有效地从不完全数据中学习。首先,用一种有效的方法直接从不完全数据中估计条件互信息,然后应用估计条件互信息法去扩展基本的TAN算法来处理不相关数据,最后实验比较了扩展的TAN算法和基本的TAN算法。实验结果表明,在大多数不完全数据集合上扩展的TAN算法精确性明显高于基本的TAN算法。虽然扩展的TAN算法时间复杂度高于基本的TAN算法,但在可接受范围之内。此估计条件互信息的方法能够容易地和其它技术相结合来进一步提高TAN算法的性能。     

Electro-oxidative abatement of low-salinity reverse osmosis membrane concentrates

The present study encompasses the application of electrolysis as novel treatment technique for the abatement of low-salinity concentrates generated from the filtrative treatment of water and wastewater. Four different materials have been tested as anode for a number of brine samples in a one-compartment electrolytic cell in galvanostatic mode. It was found that PbO(2) and SnO(2) anodes initiated electrochemical precipitation through an increase of the pH. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) and RuO(2) anodes successfully oxidised the pollutants in the brine and a linear removal of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed during the first phase of oxidation. Oxidation was predominantly achieved through indirect hypochlorite bulk oxidation; the higher oxidation rate and extent for the BDD anode was attributed to the higher selectivity and activity of the latter. Overall performance of the BDD electrode was higher than for RuO(2): higher rates for TAN (17.9 vs. 13.5mg/Ah) and COD (74.5 vs. 20.0mg/Ah) removal as well as higher overall current efficiencies (35.2% vs. 14.5%). Extensive colour removal was observed for both anodes (>90% decrease in absorbency at 455 nm).     

Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate Induced Toxicity Study and the Role of Tangeretin in Abrogating HIF-1α-NF-κB Crosstalk In Vitro and In Vivo

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent tumor promoter and highly inflammatory in nature. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of PMA on different model system. PMA (10 μg) caused chromosomal aberrations on the Allium cepa root tip and induced mitotic dysfunction. Similarly, PMA caused embryonic and larval deformities and a plummeted survivability rate on zebrafish embryo in a dose-dependent manner. Persistently, PMA treatment on immortalized human keratinocyte human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells caused massive inflammatory rush at 4 h and a drop in cell survivability at 24 h. Concomitantly, we replicated a cutaneous inflammation similar to human psoriasis induced by PMA. Herein, we used tangeretin (TAN), as an antagonist to counteract the inflammatory response. Results from an in vivo experiment indicated that TAN (10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited PMA stimulated epidermal hyperplasia and intra-epidermal neutrophilic abscesses. In addition, its treatment effectively neutralized PMA induced elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on in vitro and in vivo systems, promoting antioxidant response. The association of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (NF-κB) crosstalk triggered by PMA enhanced PKCα-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway; its activation was also significantly counteracted after TAN treatment. Conclusively, we demonstrated TAN inhibited the nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and NF-κB p65. Collectively, TAN treatment ameliorated PMA incited malignant inflammatory response by remodeling the cutaneous microenvironment.     

加工海洋高酸原油减压塔填料的腐蚀与防护

论述了某公司加工海洋高酸原油常减压装置减压塔填料的腐蚀问题,分析表明填料腐蚀原因是:高温环烷酸腐蚀、填料冷加工变形引起材质劣化、氯化物产生的晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀、高温缓蚀剂的注入量不足、流体诱发振动和腐蚀疲劳。提出了减轻填料腐蚀,延长寿命的具体措施:(1)第Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ段填料材质从316L升级为317L材质填料,并对新填料的材质进行检验分析以保证填料的材质符合要求;(2)增加材料的厚度,由原来的0.2 mm增加到0.25~0.3 mm;(3)开好电脱盐装置,降低脱后原油的盐含量;(4)增加第Ⅴ,Ⅵ,Ⅶ段填料高温缓蚀剂的有效注入量;(5)在减二中、减二线、减三线、减四线、减五线增加腐蚀在线监测探针或挂片腐蚀探针,监测侧线油的腐蚀率。     

濮城油田预氧化污水处理工艺的优化与应用

预氧化油田污水处理技术在国内各大油田均有应用,其药剂体系发展比较成熟,只是污水处理工艺各有不同。濮城油田污水处理从源头收油工艺到药剂混合工艺、沉降工艺、过滤工艺、排污工艺及自动化工艺都得到进一步优化,使工艺与技术配合更加科学合理,处理后污水各项水质指标均有较大提高。改造后的预收油罐,除油效率可达95%以上,除悬浮物效率可达60%以上,预氧化剂加注点经过优化改造后,处理后污水中铁的质量浓度由改造前的0.8 mg/L下降至改造后的0.3 mg/L,悬浮物的质量浓度平稳控制在3 mg/L以下,腐蚀速率控制在0.076 mm/a以下,使水质稳定性同步提高。     

制氢装置腐蚀泄漏情况分析

近年来某公司制氢装置不同部位相继发生腐蚀泄漏,给装置带来巨大的安全隐患。装置采用烃类蒸气转化法制取氢气,伴随反应生成气冷却到135℃,过剩水蒸气凝结成水并与CO2形成碳酸,使系统奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni10Ti管道焊缝敏化区域内局部晶界贫铬区发生严重腐蚀,即晶间腐蚀,奥氏体不锈钢焊接产生的应力会促进腐蚀的进行。不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能,但Cl-会局部破坏不锈钢表面具有保护作用的钝化膜,发生点蚀,不锈钢发生点蚀与Cl-的浓度、Cl-与SO2-4比值及温度有关,点蚀产生的蚀坑将形成裂纹源,裂纹中富集的Cl-和H+在温差应力的作用下将加速裂纹扩展。制氢变压吸附系统原料中无明水,但吸附塔进口管线排凝管道为一死腔,在吸附塔压力周期性变化过程中,死腔内存留的解吸气将有微量的明水析出,与CO2构成酸性腐蚀环境,引起排凝管上的孔蚀泄漏。     

加工高酸原油常减压装置的腐蚀与防护

中石化某企业3.5 Mt/a常减压蒸馏装置加工多种进口高酸原油,平均酸值可达2.0mgKOH/g,在2011年和2012年进行了两次腐蚀检查。检查发现,加工高酸原油后电脱盐困难,造成常压塔顶及其冷凝冷却系统、常顶循系统腐蚀减薄严重;减压塔的减三线及下返塔部位点蚀严重,填料大面积腐蚀散落;316L材质的减压转油线也发生了明显腐蚀。腐蚀分析认为,低温腐蚀主要由原油中的盐水解生成HCl所致,若电脱盐效果差,设备有腐蚀倾向,建议将常压塔顶部筒体和塔盘材质升级为2205,且对塔顶系统必须进行在线监测和定点测厚;316L材质的环烷酸腐蚀有一定的孕育期且和加工原料性质密切相关,因此,装置每次停工都要进行仔细的腐蚀检查,及时掌握腐蚀情况,若有明显腐蚀应将材质升级为317L。