Effects of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin on the gel properties and water-holding capacity of pork batter

The effects of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin (0.1, 200, and 400 MPa) on the gel properties, water-holding capacity, and water mobility of pork batter were investigated. The high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin significantly increased (P < 0.05) the emulsion stability, cooking yield, hardness, springiness, chewiness, resilience, cohesiveness, the a^* and b^* values, and the G′ and G′′ values of pork batter at 80 °C, compared with those of 0.1 MPa-modified globulin. In contrast, the centrifugal loss and initial relaxation time of T_2b, T₂₁, and T₂₂ significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the microstructure was denser, and the voids were smaller and more uniform compared with those of 0.1 MPa-modified globulin. In addition, the sample with 11S globulin modified at 400 MPa had the best water-holding capacity, gel structure, and gel properties among the samples. Overall, the use of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin improved the gel properties and water-holding capacity of pork batter, especially under 400 MPa.     

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2 ceramic and TC11 alloy joint diffusion bonded with a Cu interlayer

Reliable joints of Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic and TC11 alloy were diffusion bonded with a 50 μm thick Cu interlayer. The typical interfacial structure of the diffusion boned joint, which was dependent on the interdiffusion and chemical reactions between Al, Si and Ti atoms from the base materials and Cu interlayer, was TC11/α-Ti + β-Ti + Ti₂Cu + TiCu/Ti₅Si₄ + TiSiCu/Cu(s, s)/Ti₃SiC₂. The influence of bonding temperature and time on the interfacial structure and mechanical properties of Ti₃SiC₂/Cu/TC11 joint was analyzed. With the increase of bonding temperature and time, the joint shear strength was gradually increased due to enhanced atomic diffusion. However, the thickness of Ti₅Si₄ and TiSiCu layers with high microhardness increased for a long holding time, resulting in the reduction of bonding strength. The maximum shear strength of 251 ± 6 MPa was obtained for the joint diffusion bonded at 850 °C for 60 min, and fracture primarily occurred at the diffusion layer adjacent to the Ti₃SiC₂ substrate. This work provided an economical and convenient solution for broadening the engineering application of Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic.     

Neural networks for nonlinear state estimation

Estimating the state of a nonlinear stochastic system (observed through a nonlinear noisy measurement channel) has been the goal of considerable research to solve both filtering and control problems. In this paper, an original approach to the solution of the optimal state estimation problem by means of neural networks is proposed, which consists in constraining the state estimator to take on the structure of a multilayer feedforward network. Both non-recursive and recursive estimation schemes are considered, which enable one to reduce the original functional problem to a nonlinear programming one. As this reduction entails approximations for the optimal estimation strategy, quantitative results on the accuracy of such approximations are reported. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

The new intra-urban dynamics: Suburbanisation and functional specialisation in French cities

This article examines the relationships between the employment suburbanisation from central cities towards their suburbs, and the process of intra-urban specialisation that occurred simultaneously in the fifty largest French metropolitan areas. A methodology is proposed to identify urban subcentres and to analyse the effects of the intra-urban specialisations on suburbanisation patterns. We conclude that the specialisation of both subcentres and central cities has a significant effect on suburbanisation rates. Lastly, an intra-metropolitan shift/share analysis provides additional insights into the employment dynamics of central cities and suburbs during the last twenty years. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 29 May 2001     

高效率平面磁控溅射器的研制

介绍一种新型磁控溅射装置。它采用两块极性相对的环状磁铁的设计方法，通过扩大靶表面的等离子放电区域面积，使传统磁控溅射枪使用中经常受到的两个限制──溅射速率与靶的利用率得到了较大的改善。实验中铜靶在溅射功率密度为11W／cm~2时溅射速率约为800nm／min，如果继续提高功率则可获得更高的速率。而靶的利用率可达64％左右。另外，在认为出射粒子符合cos~nθ分布的前提下，发现当n＝3．3时，实验数据和理论数据符合得较好。     

红外目标精跟踪方法的研究

本文提出了一种直接把红外前视传感器的输出作为测量值来跟踪红外目标的扩展型卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法。在滤波处理时,设置可变的测量矩阵,其目的在于提高运算速度和抑制噪声干扰。通过具体的实例,对所提跟踪算法的特点和有效性进行了细致的分析。     

跟踪系统中跟踪器延迟的自适应预测补偿方法

跟踪系统中跟踪器的延迟会对系统的稳定性和跟踪精度产生不利影响。为此以典型Ⅱ型系统为例，理论上定理地分析了跟踪器延迟对跟踪系统的影响，并提出了将采用LMS算法和横向滤波器结构的自适应滤波器用于延迟预测补偿的方法。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

双波段成象及融合技术研究

概括地分析了双波段成象技术的发展概况，分析了成象技术的基本原理，提出了红外双波段基本方案和涉及的关键技术，分析和计算了系统的基本性能。最后，讨论了双波段及融合技术，认为在双波段实现融合应以自主式结构为主。     

雷达目标特征提取的一种方法

将小波变换和马氏距离相结合，提出了一种基于ISAR成像的雷达目标特征提取方法。对ISAR成像数据进行正交二进Symlet小波分解和门限处理，对数据进行压缩，然后计算压缩后坐标点的马氏（Mahalanobis)距离，得到目标稳定的特征向量。由实验结果看出，此向量具有在一定范围内的不变性，能够用于雷达目标识别。     

具有多重PRF的雷达回波脉冲视频仿真电路的实现

在目标回波仿真原理的基础上，给出了一种新颖的脉冲多普勒雷达目标回波视频频脉冲仿真电路。通过计数分频和计数延时技术，该电路获得了大范围可变的脉冲重复频率和高精度的脉冲时延，能对距离不断变化的动目标进行实时模拟。给出了电路的结构框图，并对设计原理作了必要说明。