Potential for wastewater reuse in irrigation: case study from Aden (Yemen)

Wastewater treatment with waste stabilization ponds (WSP) is a very efficient, low cost and low maintenance operation. The treated wastewater from WSP should be considered as a valuable resource for reuse by water resources managers. Yemen’s water resources are currently experiencing a crisis, because all surface water and groundwater resources are exploited beyond the level of recharge. Promoting water reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation could mitigate this water crisis. This paper assesses the performance of a WSP in the city of Aden by examining the quality of treated sewage predominantly of domestic origin. A comparison with international guidelines reveals that it is possible to use the final effluent to a limited extent in irrigation. This paper includes an outline of the social, religious and political reasons for the water crisis, and explores the idea of reuse of effluent for different irrigation practices.     

古老神秘的异域国度多姿多彩的亲身经历--赴中东也门共和国短期工作回顾

阐述了作者赴也门首都萨那市短期工作的性质、内容和成果，分析了萨那市的城市环境情况、人文历史情况，并针对这些情况，结合具体的单个项目设计，提出了一些建议和想法。     

也门探区1区块第一口风险探井烃源岩地球化学特征

也门探区1区块第一口风险探井自上而下存在下白垩统Saar组、上侏罗统Nayfa组、Lam组和Meem组4套海相烃源岩。依据烃源岩中有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度资料,发现Saar组属于潜在的较好烃源岩;Nayfa组和Lam组属有效的中等烃源岩;Meem组则属有效的优质烃源岩。生物标志物的分析结果表明4套烃源岩均富含重排甾烷,但在萜烷系列组成上存在较大差异,主要表现为Lam组以富含伽马蜡烷和C34和C35升藿烷的优势为主要特征,显示咸水环境水体分层下的产物;而Meem组因新藿烷系列异常丰富而有别于其他层位烃源岩,显示浅水、弱还原环境下的沉积特点;尽管Nayfa组也具有C34和C35升藿烷的优势现象,且正构烷烃具有偶碳优势,但伽马蜡烷含量很低,显示强还原条件下水体没有分层的沉积特征;Saar组的正构烷烃系列呈奇碳优势,姥植比高,贫新藿烷和伽马蜡烷物,表明它形成于浅水、还原性弱的沉积环境。     

流沙层硬胶泡沫钻井技术

也门1区块上部地层250~750 m井段存在大段的流沙层,钻进过程中存在井壁失稳、漏失严重、机械钻速低等问题,单纯依靠常规钻井加堵漏、清水盲钻、空气钻井或稳定泡沫钻井等方式得不到有效解决。因此,提出采用硬胶泡沫钻井方法解决该问题。通过硬胶泡沫钻井流体发泡剂室内优选试验,考虑泡沫质量、发泡剂抗污染性能、硬胶泡沫半衰期及经济效益,选择FMA-100为硬胶泡沫钻井流体的发泡剂,确定其最佳加量为0.3%~0.6%,并初步优选出钻井流体配方。根据硬胶泡沫钻井施工参数设计要求,以低返速降低井壁冲刷防塌、合适当量循环密度防塌防漏为目标,通过理论计算及分析,优选了施工参数、钻井配套设备,形成了适用于也门1区块流沙层的硬胶泡沫钻井方案。该方案在该区块Abyed-2井进行了应用,不但成功解决了大尺寸疏松流沙层井漏与井塌并存的钻井难题,还提高了流沙层的机械钻速,相比同条件邻井平均机械钻速提高3.2倍。该井的应用成功,也为流沙层安全快速钻进积累了经验。      

也门71区块地震资料采集方法

也门71区块地表及地下地质条件异常复杂，激发接收条件差，原始资料信噪比低，静校正问题突出，资料成像困难，尤其是山地资料更是如此。特殊的地震地质条件，给地震采集带来施工和技术上的困难。为此，通过分析工区地震地质条件及以往资料质量等，对71区块地震资料采集方法进行了研究，通过优选观测系统、激发因素，采用混合震源采集、弯直线施工，地震资料品质大幅提高，该项目的成功经验也可为类似条件区的地震勘探提供借鉴。     

也门空气泡沫冲击钻井技术简介

空气泡沫钻井在也门各区块得到广泛应用，已经形成成熟的工艺技术，能够有效的提高坚硬地层的钻井速度、解决裂缝发育地层的井漏问题。     

Physical and geochemical properties of crude oils in relation to their source rocks,Alif field,Marib Sub-basin,Yemen

Physical and geochemical properties were performed on three crude oils from Alif-01 well in the Marib sub-basin. The analyzed samples comprise medium specific gravity (37^° API), reflecting mature source rocks. The thermal maturity of the analyzed oils is also indicated from the high content of aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC). The compositions of HC further suggest that analyzed oils belong to paraffinic oils. The n-alkane and isoprenoid distributions reveal that the analyzed oils are derived from marine source rock, containing mixed organic matter, with some terrestrial input and deposited under relatively reducing conditions. The features of the analyzed oils are consistent with the Madbi source rock characteristics in the basin.     

Phytochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of three endemic Soqotraen Boswellia species

The chemical composition of three essential oils obtained from the barks of three endemic Boswellia species namely, Boswellia dioscorides, Boswellia elongata and Boswellia socotrana which were collected from the Soqotra Island (Yemen), was investigated. In parallel to that evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities was also carried out. The investigation led to the identification of 72, 70 and 67 constituents for B.dioscorides, B. elongata, and B. socotrana, respectively. The B. dioscorides oil was found to have a high content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (32.8%) with α-thujene (9.3%) and α-pinene (8.3%) as main components. Whereas, the essential oil of B. elongata was characterised by high diterpene content (31.7%), in which incensol (14.8%) was found to be the major constituent. On the other hand, the oil obtained from the B. socotrana was found to be predominated of monoterpene hydrocarbons (26.4%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (30.7%) with p-cymene (13.0%), 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-acetophenone (16.3%) and camphor (11.6%). All essential oils possessed antimicrobial activity especially against Gram-positive bacteria with MIC-values between 1.8 and 17.2 mg/ml. Furthermore, the DPPH-radical scavenging assay exhibited only weak antioxidant activities (28%) at 1.0 mg/ml.     

也门69区块上侏罗统沉积特征

为了弄清也门69区块侏罗系上统地层的沉积特征,评价其潜在的含油气性,运用了录井、测井及地震相分析等分析手段,分析了区内上侏罗统的地层划分、岩性特征、沉积环境及沉积相等.认为上侏罗统主要属滨浅海-半深-深海沉积环境,扇三角洲前缘环境次之,沉积特征可划分为深海槽盆相、槽盆边缘斜坡相、半深海相、陆棚混积相、滨海潮坪相、扇三角洲前缘相及蒸发泻湖等相.同时认为上侏罗统自身具有较好的生储盖组合条件,具有较好的油气勘探前景.     

Bulk geochemical characteristics and carbon isotope composition of oils from the Sayhut sub-basin in the Gulf of Aden with emphasis on organic matter input,age and maturity

The Sayhut sub-basin is undergoing hydrocarbon exploration province in the Gulf of Aden, South Yemen. In this study, geochemical analyses were performed on three oil samples from two exploration wells in the Sayhut sub-basin. The results were used to describe the source organic matter input, age and maturity and to correlate between crude oils from different pay zones.The high saturated hydrocarbon values of more than 70% indicate that the analysed oils are normal crude oils and not degraded oils. This is supported by a complete suite of their normal alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids. The hydrocarbon distributions of normal alkane and isoprenoid with bulk carbon isotope data also suggest that the analysed oils are grouped into two genetic families and were generated from marine-source rock. The family A presents by one oil sample representing Harshiyat reservoir rock and characterized by relatively high Ph/Ph ratio > 2 and δ¹³C values of their saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions range from ?26.1‰ to ?24.8‰. This oil family was derived from mixed organic matter with high contribution of a terrigenous organic matter input. The family A was deposited under suboxic conditions during the Late Cretaceous age. The family B presents by two oil samples representing Ghaydah and Habshiyah reservoir rocks and characterized by relatively low Ph/Ph ratio < 2 and carbon isotope less than ?23 for their saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. These oils were generated from source rock containing high contributions of marine organic matter (e.g., algal and microbial) with minor amount of land plant source inputs that was deposited in more reducing conditions. The family B oils are consistent with those of the Paleogene Umm Er Radhuma source rock.The hydrocarbon distribution and oil composition data also indicate that the analysed oils were generated from mature source rocks with a peak oil-window maturity.