BIOFUMIGANT COMPOUNDS RELEASED BY FIELD PENNYCRESS (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thlaspi arvense</Emphasis>) SEEDMEAL

Defatted field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) seedmeal was found to completely inhibit seedling germination/emergence when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and arugula [Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.] seeds at levels of 1.0% w/w or higher. Covering the pots with Petri dishes containing the soil-seedmeal mixture decreased germination of both species at the lowest application rate (0.5% w/w), suggesting that the some of the phytotoxins were volatile. CH₂Cl₂, MeOH, and water extracts of the wetted seedmeal were bioassayed against wheat and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby) radicle elongation. Only the CH₂Cl₂ extract was strongly inhibitory to both species. Fractionation of the CH₂Cl₂ extract yielded two major phytotoxins, identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and NMR as 2-propen-1-yl (allyl) isothiocyanate (AITC) and allyl thiocyanate (ATC), which constituted 80.9 and 18.8%, respectively, of the active fraction. When seeds of wheat, arugula and sicklepod were exposed to volatilized AITC and ATC, germination of all three species was completely inhibited by both compounds at concentrations of 5 ppm or less. In field studies, where seedmeal was applied at 0.50, 1.25, and 2.50 kg/m² and tarped with black plastic mulch, all of the treatments significantly reduced dry weight of bioassay plants compared to the tarped control, with the highest seedmeal rate decreasing dry matter to less than 10% of the control 30 d after seedmeal application. Field pennycress seedmeal appears to offer excellent potential as a biofumigant for high-value horticultural crops for both conventional and organic growers.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

基于Log算子边缘检测的车牌定位方法

车牌定位是车牌自动识别系统中的关键技术之一,提出一种基于Log算子边缘检测的车牌精定位方法。首先对彩色车辆图片在多颜色空间内进行色彩分割去除大量的背景干扰信息,然后利用分块的思想实现车牌的粗定位,大大缩小车牌的搜索区域,最后对粗定位图用Log算子检测边缘突出车牌的纹理特征再结合投影的方一法准确定位出车牌。通过对静态车牌图像定位仿真实验和分析表明,该方法对于车牌定位准确率较高。     

Isolation and identification of (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile as a phytotoxin from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seedmeal

Ethyl ether, ethanol, and water extracts of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartweg ex. Benth.) seedmeal were prepared and bioassayed against velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Cardinal). Both the ethyl ether and ethanol fractions, but not the water extract, inhibited velvetleaf and wheat radicle elongation. Fractionation of the extracts indicated that (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (3-MPAN) was the active compound from both extracts, comprising >97% of the active ethanol fraction. 3-Methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, which had been previously shown to be the major breakdown product of glucolimnanthin, the majorL. alba glucosinolate, was not detected in either extract. Radicle elongation of velvetleaf and wheat were inhibited by 3-MPAN with I₅₀ (the concentration required to inhibit growth by 50%) values of approximately 4 × 10^–4 M (velvetleaf) and 7×10^–4 M (wheat).Mention of firms or products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or products not mentioned.     

用固定单信标修正水下机器人导航误差

针对固定单信标情况下水下机器人纯距离导航非线性系统的能观性和稳定性,给出了理论分析和证明.在导航系统稳定性分析基础上,提出一种保证滤波器渐近稳定的新方法,并提出固定单信标情况下的保证导航系统能观的机器人机动方案和路径.最后,仿真实验结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

中国宪法结构理论简言

宪法结构是宪法学的一个组成部分,也是宪法学需要研究的一项重要内容。宪法结构的实质就是宪法各要素相互联系的图式体系。以宪法典的表现形式和内容为依据,可把宪法结构分为宪法形式结构与宪法内容结构。由于我国社会历史的巨大变迁,修改和完善我国宪法的内容结构是社会历史发展的必然要求,而研究中国宪法结构取得的理论成果对修改和完善我国宪法可产生重要的理论指导作用。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍粉土改良效果的试验研究

采用桶栽试验的方法,研究了基质、稻壳和菌糠三种不同有机质改良剂对滨海盐渍粉土理化性质和西红柿产量的影响。研究结果表明:与不加改良剂(CK)相比,三种有机质改良剂可降低表层土壤干容重22.5%～33.1%,孔隙率增加25.5%～37.7%;土壤的含盐量降低5.05%～24.54%。使用改良剂处理的土壤,碱化度(ESP)、pH、土壤交换性Na+、土壤Na+、K+占阳离子总量和土壤Cl-下降,而土壤Ca2+和SO42-增加。三种改良剂均能显著增加西红柿的产量,增幅在24.05%～34.46%;单果总量整体有所提高。结果表明,基质、稻壳和菌糠对滩涂高钠盐粉土均具有较好的改良效果。综合考虑改良剂的价格、材料获得难易程度,稻壳和菌康是较为适宜的滨海盐渍粉土改良材料。     

水闸底流消能计算公式的分析与改进

以上海市东风西沙水库下游水闸消能设计为例,对水闸消能计算中遇到的问题加以分析后发现,在上游水位不变、过闸单宽流量不变、下游水深较小的情况下,下游水深越小,采用《水闸设计规范》(SL265—2001)中的消能计算公式计算得到的消力池深度反而越小,这与实际情况有较大的出入。通过理论推算,对原计算公式进行了修正,并采用修正后的计算公式进行了消能计算,计算结果与实际情况相符。     

浅谈高速公路工程量清单不平衡报价修订方式

不平衡报价做为公路投标人获取中标的一程策略,掩盖工程实际造价,增加业主对建设项目的费用管理的风险．以往不平衡报价修订为业主单方面行为,存在不透明、不公平、不公正及不被审计部门认可等缺点,本文通过调整不平衡报价修订时段、完善招标文件中有关不平衡报价修订的条款、逐步完善不平衡报价修订方法,以具体高速公路工程为实例,详细阐述不平衡报价修订方法,探讨如何改善业主的费用管理．