Recent research progress on bio-oil conversion into bio-fuels and raw chemicals: a review

Recent advances in lignocellulosic biomass valorization for producing fuels and commodities (olefins and BTX aromatics) are gathered in this paper, with a focus on the conversion of bio-oil (produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass). The main valorization routes are: (i) conditioning of bio-oil (by esterification, aldol condensation, ketonization, in situ cracking, and mild hydrodeoxygenation) for its use as a fuel or stable raw material for further catalytic processing; (ii) production of fuels by deep hydrodeoxygenation; (iii) ex situ catalytic cracking (in line) of the volatiles produced in biomass pyrolysis, aimed at the selective production of olefins and aromatics; (iv) cracking of raw bio-oil in units designed with specific objectives concerning selectivity; and (v) processing in fluidized bed catalytic cracking (FCC) units. This review deals with the technological evolution of these routes, in terms of catalysts, reaction conditions, reactors, and product yields. A study has been carried out on the current state-of-knowledge of the technological capacity, advantages and disadvantages of the different routes, as well as on the prospects for the implementation of each route within the scope of the Sustainable Refinery. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hydrodeoxygenation of HMF over Pt/C in a continuous flow reactor

The three‐phase hydrodeoxygenation reaction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with H₂ was studied over a 10 wt % Pt/C catalyst using both batch and flow reactors, with ethanol, 1‐propanol, and toluene solvents. The reaction is shown to be sequential, with HMF reacting first to furfuryl ethers and other partially hydrogenated products. These intermediate products then form dimethyl furan (DMF), which in turn reacts further to undesired products. Furfuryl ethers were found to react to DMF much faster than HMF, explaining the higher reactivity of HMF when alcohol solvents were used. With the optimal residence time, it was possible to achieve yields approaching 70% in the flow reactor with the Pt/C catalyst. Much higher selectivities and yields were obtained in the flow reactor than in the batch reactor because side products are formed sequentially, rather than in parallel, demonstrating the importance of choosing the correct type of reactor in catalyst screening. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 590–597, 2015     

Dual‐bed catalyst system for the direct synthesis of high density aviation fuel with cyclopentanone from lignocellulose

In this article, we demonstrated an integrated process for the direct production of tri(cyclopentane) with cyclopentanone which can be obtained from lignocellulose. The reaction was carried out in a dual‐bed continuous flow reactor. In the first bed, cyclopentanone was selectively converted to 2,5‐dicyclopentylcyclopentanol over the Pd‐MgAl‐HT (hydrotalcite) catalyst. Under solvent‐free and mild conditions (443 K, 0.1 MPa H₂), high carbon yield (81.2%) of 2,5‐dicyclopentylcyclopentanol was achieved. Subsequently, the 2,5‐dicyclopentylcyclopentanol was further hydrodeoxygenated to tri(cyclopentane) in the second bed. Among the investigated catalysts, the Ni‐Hβ‐DP prepared by deposition‐precipitation (DP) method exhibited the highest activity for the hydrodeoxygenation step. By using Pd‐MgAl‐HT as the first bed catalyst and Ni‐Hβ‐DP as the second bed catalyst, tri(cyclopentane) was directly produced at high carbon yield (80.0%) with cyclopentanone as feedstock. This polycycloalkane has high density (0.91 kg/L) and can be used as additive to improve the density and volumetric heating value of bio‐jet fuel. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2754–2761, 2016     

负载型Co基双功能催化剂上戊酸酯生物燃料的制备

采用浸渍法制备了HZSM-5、HY、Hβ以及MCM-22四种载体上负载Co的催化剂,在高压反应釜中,开展了以乙酰丙酸乙酯为原料一步法加氢脱氧合成戊酸乙酯以及戊酸生物燃料的研究。采用XRD、XPS、TEM、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、py-FTIR、ICP-AES等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,10Co/HZSM-5催化剂由于Co在HZSM-5上分布均匀,并且B酸酸性、总酸量以及还原性能最优,在保持较高的反应性能的同时,提高了产物的选择性,具有较高的催化性能。进一步对反应温度、反应压力等进行优化,在反应温度为240℃、压力为3 MPa、反应3 h时,以正辛烷作溶剂,催化剂表现出较高的催化性能,乙酰丙酸乙酯的转化率达到100%,戊酸酯和戊酸的总收率可达90%。     

Carbon-coated Ni-Co alloy catalysts: preparation and performance for in-situ aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate to hydrocarbons using methanol as the hydrogen donor

Carbon-coated Ni, Co and Ni-Co alloy catalysts were prepared by the carbonization of the metal doped resorcinol-formaldehyde resins synthesized by the one-pot extended Stöber method. It was found that the introduction of Co remarkably reduced the carbon microsphere size. The metallic Ni, Co, and Ni-Co alloy particles (mainly 10–12 nm) were uniformly distributed in carbon microspheres. A charge transfer from Ni to Co appeared in the Ni-Co alloy. Compared with those of metallic Ni and Co, the d-band center of the Ni-Co alloy shifted away from and toward the Fermi level, respectively. In the in-situ aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor at 330 °C, the decarbonylation/decarboxylation pathway dominated on all catalysts. The Ni-Co@C catalysts gave higher activity than the Ni@C and Co@C catalysts, and the yields of n-pentadecane and n-C₆–n-C₁₆ reached 71.6% and 92.6%, respectively. The excellent performance of Ni-Co@C is attributed to the electronic interactions between Ni and Co and the small carbon microspheres. Due to the confinement effect of carbon, the metal particles showed high resistance to sintering under harsh hydrothermal conditions. Catalyst deactivation is due to the carbonaceous deposition, and the regeneration with CO₂ recovered the catalyst reactivity.     

生物质油加氢脱氧催化剂的研究进展

简述了生物质油加氢脱氧(HDO)催化剂活性组分的研究进展,重点综述了催化剂载体的研究进展及发展趋势.对比分析了单组分氧化物载体、复合型氧化物载体、改性载体等在生物质油HDO反应中的效果.单组分氧化物载体主要介绍了Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2;复合型氧化物载体主要介绍了Al2O3-MgO、SiO2-ZrO2、...     

高水热稳定性加氢脱氧Ni-Mo复合氧化物催化剂的制备

以动植物油脂为原料加氢脱氧生产生物柴油的关键是开发具有优异加氢脱氧活性和稳定性的新型催化剂。今采用溶胶凝胶法制备了本体型Ni-Mo复合氧化物加氢脱氧催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、BET等表征,以含20%小桐子油的正辛烷溶液为原料,在连续固定床反应装置上考察了催化剂的活性和水热稳定性。结果表明:溶胶凝胶法可制备出具有优异活性的钼镍复合氧化物催化剂,水热处理后催化剂的比表面积和孔容减小以及形成了部分Ni Mo O4新相,前者使催化剂的活性下降,后者使催化剂的活性增加,二者的综合作用使水热处理催化剂的活性下降。提高催化剂的焙烧温度或添加镁铝尖晶石等方法可有效改善催化剂的水热稳定性和调控小桐子油的加氢脱氧反应路径。在330℃、2~5 h-1和310℃、2 h-1条件下,小桐子油在700℃焙烧、水热处理前后的催化剂上的脱氧率均高达99.0%以上。与在水热处理前催化剂上的反应结果相比,小桐子油在水热处理后催化剂上的脱羧基、脱羰基反应产物增加了15%。     

生物油金属水热原位加氢提质技术研究进展

水热液化技术可以将秸秆等木质纤维素类生物质转化为生物油,生物油提质可制备液体燃料和高附加值化学品。但生物油成分复杂,研发适宜的提质方法与工艺是当前的热点。金属水热原位加氢提质是一种新兴生物油提质技术,具有原料适应性广、成本低和效率高等优势,受到国内外广泛关注。本文从木质纤维素类生物质水热加氢提质原理、金属水热原位加氢最新研究进展及相关数值模拟方法三方面进行了综述,在此基础上指出目前该技术存在的主要问题,并指明未来研究方向。目前金属水热原位加氢提质过程活性氢和氢气作用机制尚不明晰;明确加氢催化剂与金属/金属氧化物的相互作用是制备高效加氢催化剂的关键;集总动力学和分子模拟等方法是金属水热原位加氢提质技术在理论计算领域未来的发展方向,有待进行深入研究。