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1.
PETROLEUM POTENTIAL, THERMAL MATURITY AND THE OIL WINDOW OF OIL SHALES AND COALS IN CENOZOIC RIFT BASINS, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN THAILAND 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oil shales and coals occur in Cenozoic rift basins in central and northern Thailand. Thermally immature outcrops of these rocks may constitute analogues for source rocks which have generated oil in several of these rift basins. A total of 56 oil shale and coal samples were collected from eight different basins and analysed in detail in this study. The samples were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental composition. Source rock quality was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Reflected light microscopy was used to analyse the organic matter (maceral) composition of the rocks, and the thermal maturity was determined by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. In addition to the 56 samples, VR measurements were carried out in three wells from two oil‐producing basins and VR gradients were constructed. Rock‐Eval screening data from one of the wells is also presented. The oil shales were deposited in freshwater (to brackish) lakes with a high preservation potential (TOC contents up to 44.18 wt%). They contain abundant lamalginite and principally algal‐derived fluorescing amorphous organic matter followed by liptodetrinite and telalginite (Botryococcus‐type). Huminite may be present in subordinate amounts. The coals are completely dominated by huminite and were formed in freshwater mires. VR values from 0.38 to 0.47%Ro show that the exposed coals are thermally immature. VR values from the associated oil shales are suppressed by 0.11 to 0.28%Ro. The oil shales have H/C ratios >1.43, and Hydrogen Index (HI) values are generally >400 mg HC/g TOC and may reach 704 mg HC/ gTOC. In general, the coals have H/C ratios between about 0.80 and 0.90, and the HI values vary considerably from approximately 50 to 300 mg HC/gTOC. The HImax of the coals, which represent the true source rock potential, range from ~160 to 310 mg HC/g TOC indicating a potential for oil/gas and oil generation. The steep VR curves from the oil‐producing basins reflect high geothermal gradients of ~62°C/km and ~92°C/km. The depth to the top oil window for the oil shales at a VR of ~0.70%Ro is determined to be between ~1100 m and 1800 m depending on the geothermal gradient. The kerogen composition of the oil shales and the high geothermal gradients result in narrow oil windows, possibly spanning only ~300 to 400 m in the warmest basins. The effective oil window of the coals is estimated to start from ~0.82 to 0.98%Ro and burial depths of ~1300 to 1400 m (~92°C/km) and ~2100 to 2300 m (~62°C/km) are necessary for efficient oil expulsion to occur. 相似文献
2.
汽油烃类族组成测试方法对比 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了使用荧光指示剂吸附色谱法、多维气相色谱法的测定影响因素和近红外光谱快速法的分析特点以及三种方法在汽油族组成测定中的应用,并就三种方法对同一试样的测定结果进行了对比,找出各种测定方法容易产生误差的原因及分析对策。 相似文献
3.
Stefan Cenkowski Digvir S. Jayas James K. Daun 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1993,63(4):377-383
The presence of green seeds in canola arises primarily from the common practice of swathing the crop prematurely in order to hasten the harvesting process and reduce the shattering losses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plant maturity, swathing and duration of swathing on moisture and chlorophyll contents of canola seeds (Brassica napus L cv Westar), and to determine the effect of canola conditioning with air at 25·C and 90% RH on chlorophyll content. A standing crop of canola with 50% to 10% (w/w) seed moisture content was sampled at regular intervals in two consecutive harvest years (1989 and 1990). Canola was also swathed at three different stages of maturity, and seeds were checked for chlorophyll at 2-3 day intervals and compared with chlorophyll contents of seed from standing crop. Samples were conditioned in a thin layer with air at 25·C and 90% RH for 24 h, and chlorophyll was determined before and after conditioning. The chlorophyll of seeds decreased exponentially with a decrease in moisture content. Conditioning canola seeds decreased chlorophyll content by an average of 16% (SD = ± 12%). 相似文献
4.
氨氮监测采用预蒸馏处理后,比色测定结果明显偏低。在样品预蒸馏处理过程中,硼酸作为吸收液,使显色时溶液pH值偏低,导致显色不充分是其主要影响因素。通过采取增加显色剂加入量的方法,解决了显色pH值偏低的问题,得到满意的测定结果。 相似文献
5.
Kathryn Kromroy Kathleen Ward Paul Castillo Jennifer Juzwik 《Landscape and urban planning》2007,80(4):375-385
Urbanization was associated with loss and transformation of the oak forest in the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul) metropolitan area (TCMA) over a recent 7-year interval. Between 1991 and 1998, urbanization increased based on several indicators: population density, area of developed land, and area of impervious surface—total impervious area and area within three classes of increasing degree of imperviousness (protected, affected, and degraded). We quantified relationships between changes in urbanization and changes in several parameters describing the oak forest at the scale of ecological subsection. Increased total and affected impervious area were strongly correlated with decreased area of oak forest when changes of the urbanization indicators and oak were expressed as percentages of the subsection area. Relationships were reversed when changes were expressed as percentages of the 1991 values. Increased population density was strongly correlated with increased loss in numbers and increased isolation of oak patches, but weakly correlated with loss of oak forest area. This is the first study to quantify relationships between changes in urbanization and changes in a specific forest cover type. Our results demonstrate complexities of urbanization impacts on a metropolitan forest resource, and highlight the importance of selected variables, spatial and temporal scales, and expressions of change when quantifying these relationships. 相似文献
6.
E. H. Boutyour H. Zahrouni M. Potier‐Ferry M. Boudi 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2004,60(12):1987-2012
The aim of this work is to develop a reliable and fast algorithm to compute bifurcation points and bifurcated branches. It is based upon the asymptotic numerical method (ANM) and Padé approximants. The bifurcation point is detected by analysing the poles of Padé approximants or by evaluating, along the computed solution branch, a bifurcation indicator well adapted to ANM. Several examples are presented to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, that emanate from buckling problems of thin elastic shells. Especially problems involving large rotations are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
C. N. Haas B. F. Severin D. Roy R. S. Engelbrecht A. Lalchandani S. Farooq 《Water research》1985,19(3):323-329
This paper summarizes studies on the presence of acid-fast and yeast organisms in wastewater and water treatment plants and in surface water. These organisms were found to satisfy three of Bonde's criteria for indicator organisms: presence whenever pathogens are likely to be present; resistance at least equal to that of pathogens; and lack of regrowth in the post-treatment environment. This, plus prior data, indicates that these organisms are at least as acceptable as indicators of disinfection efficiency than the coliform group. 相似文献
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10.
作者对5个盆地18个轻质油样品作了C_1—C_7轻烃分析,检测出29种单体轻烃。通过轻烃组成特征研究,认识到石蜡指数(PI_1)和庚烷值(PI_2)作为成熟度的指标,不受沉积盆地类型影响;C_6,C_7烃类族组分受母质类型影响较大。陆相(含煤地层)有机质生成轻质芳烃(苯)的含量比海相有机质要高。新疆塔里木盆地沙参2井原油的轻烃分析资料表明,该井油源岩为海相沉积。 相似文献