High-density polyethylene membranes embedded with carboxylated and polyethylene glycol-grafted nanodiamond to be used in membrane bioreactors

In this work, neat and modified nanodiamond (ND) particles were embedded into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) membranes to improve hydrophilicity and antifouling properties. The membranes were prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method and used for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment in membrane bioreactors (MBR) system. To prevent the agglomeration of ND, it was modified using two methods: thermal carboxylation (ND-COOH) and grafting with polyethylene glycol (ND-PEG). Membranes with different concentration of ND-COOH and ND-PEG nanoparticles ranging from 0.00 to 1.00 wt % were prepared and characterized using a set of analyses including water contact angle, pure water flux, tensile strength, differential scanning calorimeter, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that the optimum contents of ND-COOH and ND-PEG nanoparticles were 0.50 wt % and 0.75 wt %, respectively. The interfacial interaction between nanoparticles and HDPE matrix was studied based on Pukanzsky model. To examine the performance of membranes, critical flux, filtration experiment in the MBR, and fouling analysis of membranes were carried out. The results showed that among the fabricated membranes, 0.75 wt % HDPE/ND-PEG membrane had the highest water flux and the best antifouling properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47914.     

QS-R02反渗透阻垢分散剂工业应用试验

介绍QS-R02新型反渗透阻垢分散剂在齐鲁股份有限公司橡胶厂反渗透系统的工业试验情况,同QS-R01反渗透阻垢分散剂进行了对比。工业应用试验结果表明:新型QS-R02反渗透阻垢分散剂的碳酸钙临界饱和指数LSI达到2.5,阻垢分散效果明显优于QS-R01,能够实现橡胶厂反渗透系统运行过程不加酸的目的。同时,QS-R02药剂磷含量低,浓水总磷含量达到国家污水综合排放二级标准要求,无环境污染,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Elimination of organic matter present in wastewaters from the cork industry by membrane filtration

BACKGROUND: The first stage of the cork industrial process generates great volumes of wastewater with moderate to high organic pollutant content that must be purified using different procedures, such as filtration by membranes. RESULTS: The tangential filtration of these wastewaters was studied using two different laboratory equipments. In the first one, three ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were tested, with molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) 100 kDa and 30 kDa, and two operating modes were used: total recycling of permeate and retentate streams, and in continuous mode, without recycling both streams. In the total recycling UF experiments, the influence of the operating variables on the permeate flux was first established. The effectiveness of the different membranes was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for several parameters that measure the global pollutant content of the effluent. The values found for these rejection coefficients were in the following order: ellagic acid and color > absorbance at 254 nm > tannic content > COD (chemical oxygen demand). In the continuous mode experiments, the fouling mechanism for each membrane was established by fitting the experimental data to various filtration fouling models given in the literature. The operating mode in the second equipment was batch concentration, and additional experiments were carried out with an UF membrane (2 kDa), and with a NF membrane (with MWCO in the range 150–300 Da). CONCLUSIONS: The three operating modes tested provided different rejection levels of organic matter; among them, the most effective procedure tested was batch concentration mode using a NF membrane. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Estimation of fouling in a plate heat exchanger through the application of neural networks

Pasteurization is an important, if not the most important, process step in the packaging of milk. It is subject to alterations stemming from the variation in the temperature, pH and raw milk quality. The variability may manifest itself in changes in the formation of the deposit (fouling) in the pasteurization unit, such that there is a need for tools, both instrumentation and computational, to help in monitoring the process and keeping it on the desired course. In this paper we describe a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that allows prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the critical time (the time that the unit has to be stopped for cleaning) for reducing the impact of fouling on such processes. The procedure determines when the cleaning operation is required once the system is under critical conditions of operations. A combination of fundamental studies and plant measurements were used for study of the operating conditions and thus evaluation of the trades‐offs between operating conditions and longer operating life span. The results are encouraging, enough to validate current operating industrial techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

电渗析器免拆清洗实例

用静态溶垢试验和静态模拟试验选出的清洗剂清洗电渗析器，结果表明：用质量分数为2％ HCl，5％多聚磷酸盐，2％HCl 2％CaCO3，0.1mol／L NaOH依次循环清洗电渗析器可清洗掉常见电渗析器垢物和污染物．     

纳滤膜技术及其应用的研究进展

随着膜技术的发展,20世纪80年代出现的纳滤膜弥补了反渗透与超滤之间的空白。纳滤膜(nanofiltration membrane,NF)又称“疏松型”反渗透膜。通常情况下,膜的截留相对分子质量界限为200~1 000。与截留相对分子质量相对应的膜孔径为1~3 nm,故将这类膜称为纳滤膜。纳滤膜可以截留糖类等低相对分子质量有机物和高价无机盐(MgSO4等),但对单价无机盐的截留率低(仅为10%~80%),具有相当大的透过能力。由于单价盐可以自由透过纳滤膜,使得膜两侧因离子浓度不同而造成的渗透压差远远低于反渗透膜。在相同通量条件下,纳滤膜所要求的驱动压力比反渗透膜要低得多。一般纳滤的操作压力为0.5~1.5 MPa。由于纳滤膜的这种独特分离性能,确定了它在水软化和低相对分子质量有机物纯化浓缩的地位。此外,纳滤膜能有效去除许多中等相对分子质量溶质,如消毒副产物的前驱物、残留农药和某些色素等,因而在水净化处理和脱色中得到广泛应用。     

燃料性质对加热炉腐蚀结焦的影响及其防治

从加热炉燃料变化情况入手 ,分析了加热炉目前存在的炉管结垢 ,预热器烟气露点腐蚀以及炉体腐蚀等问题。从机理上进行了探讨 ,从而提出了原油脱金属、燃料气脱硫、燃料油优化、化学除垢以及预热器改造等防护措施。     

超声监测技术在膜分离过程中的应用研究

在膜分离过程中，膜通量总是随运行时间而下降．为了区分膜污染与浓差极化或者可能的膜形变对通量的影响，和选择适宜的清洗过程，对一种只敏感于膜表面状况的超声测量方法进行了广泛研究．通过平板膜(包括微滤膜、超滤膜和反渗透膜)以及卷式反渗透膜过程的应用实例，说明了这种实时、在线的超声时域反射法即Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry (UTDR)可以利用它的反射波的振幅和回声抵达超声传感器的时间来监测浓差极化、膜污染(例如CaSO4污染)与清洗过程，也可以用来测量膜的压紧度和污染层厚度．超声测量与传统膜性能测量结果有良好的关联，并具有区域性测量的特性．为了实用化目的，新近的研究进展也作了介绍．     

面向染料清洁生产和染料废水处理的纳滤技术

综述了纳滤膜对含盐染料溶液的分离原理、纳滤膜的选择、纳滤脱盐浓缩工艺过程与应用研究、纳滤处理染料废水与资源化方面的应用研究、纳滤技术的经济性以及应用过程中膜污染的控制。指出利用纳滤技术改进染料生产工艺是可行的,能够实现染料清洁生产,具有明显的经济效益和环境效益;采用纳滤处理染料废水,浓缩液和透过液可以分开处理,易于资源化,并且有利于染料废水的后继处理,是高浓度高含盐染料废水的一种有效处理方法。