MINERALOGICAL, PORE AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVONIAN JAUF SANDSTONE RESERVOIR, HAWIYAH FIELD, EASTERN SAUDI ARABIA

Throughout the subsurface of the Arabian Peninsula, the approximately 460ft thick, Devonian Jauf Formation generally consists of well-compacted, low-porosity sandstones and shales, but it also includes friable and highly porous sandstones which form significant gas and condensate reservoir intervals. The mineralogy and pore properties of these reservoir intervals at the Hawiyah field (part of the giant Ghawar structure) were studied by integrating petrographic data with petrophysical measurements of reservoir sandstone samples.
The reservoir sandstones are mainly composed of quartz arenites containing small amounts of altered potassium feldspar grains, authigenic illite and chlorite. Based on the pore types, which reflect the habits of the intergranular clays, three reservoir sandstone types have been defined: Type A, characterized by macroporosity; Type B, with microporosity; and Type C, with combined laminations of Types A and B. The dominance of pore-lining clay (as in Type A) or pore-filling clay (as in Type B) is the principal factor controlling the petrophysical properties of the samples. Types A and C sandstones contain macro pores, but irreducible water saturation is high (25 to 45%) compared to clean samples elsewhere, because of the presence of micropores associated with clay. In Type B sandstones the irreducible water saturation is commonly greater than 40% because all the pores spaces are in the microporosity range. The irreducible water saturation in Type B sandstones increases rapidly as porosity decreases. When porosity is less than 10%, the corresponding permeability is 0.2 mD, but no economic production can be expected because water saturation is as high as 100%. In the producing intervals, authigenic clays result in low electrical resistivity due to high water saturation; however, water-free gas is produced.     

分光光度计法岩石阳离子交换容量测量方法及误差分析

系统介绍了分光光度计法岩石阳离子交换容量的测量原理和步骤,修正了行业标准SY5395-91中的计算公式.对测量过程中的误差进行了分析,尤其是标准工作曲线斜率误差和溶液浓度误差对吸光度的影响,给出了通过调整待测液浓度来降低测量误差的方法.最后计算出阳离子交换容量的测量不确定度.     

垦东北部馆陶组河流相储层正演模拟效果

针对济阳坳陷上第三系广泛发育的浅层疏松的河流相砂岩储层,以垦东北部馆陶组曲流河砂岩储层为例,通过基于测井资料的岩石物理特征分析,根据研究区实际条件建立含不同流体储层正演模型,应用垂直入射正演模拟、叠前AVO正演及基于Gassmann方程的流体替换技术分析研究储层含不同流体引起的弹性参数变化、地震反射特征及AVO响应变化规律。研究结果表明,对于浅层河流相,储层含油气后速度、密度进一步降低,相对较厚的油气层与围岩形成振幅较强的反射,油层与气层均表现为振幅随入射角增大而增大的Ⅲ类AVO异常,而水层则表现出随入射角增大而减小的特征;含气饱和度的变化使气体的可压缩性发生改变,P波速度随含气饱和度的增加由急剧降低转为缓慢升高。研究结果对应用叠后属性、叠前反演对含油气储层的有效识别具有一定的指导意义。     

建南地区须六段致密砂岩优质储层预测技术

建南地区须家河组须六段为典型的致密砂岩气藏,具有全区富砂、整体含气及局部富集的特征,是岩性气藏勘探的有利地区。 该区须六段致密砂岩物性差、厚度薄,砂岩与泥岩波阻抗值接近,应用叠后波阻抗反演等技术难以识别储层。通过技术攻关,建立了致密砂岩优质储层预测技术。 该技术主要包括 3 个步骤：①从井出发,总结典型地质体的地震相模式,利用地震属性分析技术对致密砂岩储层有利发育区进行宏观预测;②利用岩石物理建模及分析技术,分析不同岩石的物理性质,如纵波阻抗与泊松比等的变化,确定识别岩性的敏感参数和方法;③综合运用多参数反演与叠前反演技术,有效识别优质储层。研究结果表明：该技术在建南地区须六段致密砂岩优质储层预测中取得了较好的效果,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

PETROPHYSICS OF LOWER CRETACEOUS PLATFORM CARBONATE OUTCROPS IN PROVENCE (SE FRANCE): IMPLICATIONS FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION

High resolution petrophysical analyses were carried out on Urgonian (Lower Cretaceous) carbonates from outcrops in Provence, SE France. Porosity and permeability were measured on 541 plug samples selected from grain‐supported carbonates analogous to those in the age‐equivalent Shu'aiba and Kharaib Formation reservoirs in the eastern Arabian Plate. The sampling strategy allowed property heterogeneities from centimetre to kilometre scales to be investigated, as well as correlations between porosity and permeability in several different reservoir rock types. Property spatial modelling sensitivity analyses were also undertaken. The relative abundance of microporosity, grain size and sedimentary‐diagenetic anisotropy were the main geological parameters which controlled the petrophysical characteristics of the grainstones studied. Increasing microporosity decreased permeability but resulted in an increase in the homogeneity of the reservoir rocks and therefore in their predictability. An increase in grain size, from fine sand to gravel, and in the amount of intergranular pores, enhanced permeability significantly but resulted in a decrease in the homogeneity (and therefore predictability) of the reservoir rock. At a plug scale, poro‐perm relationships are very good and can be used predictively for fine grainstones dominated by microporosity; but relationships are moderate to weak for coarse rudstones with mixed pore types, including intraskeletal pores. In grainstone units, weak sedimentary anisotropy, such as decametre‐scale cross‐bedding, did not prevent the prediction of the horizontal property distribution from vertical data over a few hundreds of metres. In these units, the lateral correlation of rock properties follows periodic variograms with a 7 m wavelength. The lateral distribution of properties in coarse‐grained and heterogeneous rudstones with complex pore types and intense sedimentary heterogeneities, such as channel structures, was however more difficult to predict from a vertical data set. Upscaling poroperm data from plug scale to reservoir scale is linear in the case of grainstones with intergranular microporosity, but is non‐linear in the case of skeletal rudstones with coarser pore types including skeletal porosity.     

盖层各向异性对时移地震AVO的影响

油藏盖层各向异性在油藏开发前后对地震AVO曲线有相同程度的影响,而这种影响能否在2次地震AVO曲线相减后变得很小,可以被忽略？利用某油田数据建立了储层岩石物理模型,根据Gassmann方程获得了该油田储层的纵、横波速度与含油饱和度的关系曲线.设计了双层油藏模型,通过求解横向各向同性（VTI）介质界面的透射系数与反射系数的线性方程组,计算了油藏盖层存在各向异性时的P-P波和P-S转换波反射系数,分析了不同Thomsen参数对反射系数及其油藏开发前后反射系数差异的影响,并进行了定量分析.分析结果表明,小入射角情况下进行P-P波时移地震AVO分析,可以忽略盖层各向异性的影响;大入射角情况下进行P-P波时移地震AVO和多波时移地震AVO分析,盖层各向异性不能忽略.     

Quality-assured evaluation of freshwater-bearing hydrocarbon reservoirs

The petrophysical evaluation of clastic freshwater-bearing hydrocarbon reservoirs cannot be approached using the standard composite Archie equation because these reservoirs show departures from the assumptions that underpin its application. The problem is placed on a sounder technical footing by defining the preconditions for the application of non-Archie saturation models and showing where and how these are satisfied. This exercise assumes that porosity has been evaluated at an earlier stage of the petrophysical workflow. It reveals that there is no fixed salinity level below which reservoirs show freshwater character in an electrical sense: the level is reservoir-specific. Where the non-Archie models do break down, a conditioned pseudo-Archie approach is proposed. This approach demonstrably enhances the estimation of hydrocarbon saturation, typically by up to 20 saturation units, as evidenced through groundtruthing core measurements and comparisons with other log deliverables. These comparisons can, of course, impart additional quality assurance. The approach is illustrated using field examples. On this basis, a protocol is outlined for the optimum acquisition of petrophysical data in clastic freshwater-bearing hydrocarbon reservoirs. Central to this protocol are charts for identifying the most appropriate values of the porosity and saturation exponents. The adoption of this protocol leads to a significant reduction of uncertainty in the volumetric evaluation of these challenging hydrocarbon accumulations.     

基于构造约束联合概率反演的油藏参数表征方法

对于油藏参数预测及其不确定性评价,前人的方法均为多步骤反演,很难考虑各个环节的不确定性。为此,提出基于构造约束联合概率反演的油藏参数表征方法。首先通过统计井资料得到岩相依赖储层弹性参数和物性参数混合高斯联合先验分布,在岩石物理参数敏感性分析基础上建立储层弹性参数和物性参数高斯联合先验分布;利用地质构造约束最小二乘井插值将构造信息和井信息整合到反演框架,基于贝叶斯理论推导得到同时表征储层弹性参数、物性参数、岩相后验概率分布的解析表达式。与传统方法相比,新方法通过同时反演策略降低误差累积,提高了储层参数及其不确定性信息预测的准确性;另外,新方法引入构造信息和井信息提高了反演结果的横向连续性及分辨率。为验证新方法的有效性,对M区实际数据集通过条件井和盲井测试,对比、分析了无构造约束多步方法与新方法的反演结果。结果表明：基于线性化模型且服从高斯分布假设,新方法获得了较好的反演效果,得到的岩相后验概率较无构造约束多步方法更准确,客观表征了不确定性,为油藏表征、评价提供了有利依据。     

基于页岩岩石物理等效模型的地层压力系数预测方法

近年来页岩气的勘探开发实践表明其产量与压力系数呈正相关关系,但准确的地震预测难度较大。页岩气储层富含有机质及有机质孔隙,其矿物组分及微观结构相比常规储层更复杂。为此,构建了一种适用于海相页岩的岩石物理模型,并提出了一种基于该模型的页岩地层压力系数预测技术。首先结合页岩储层微观结构特征,针对骨架矿物的差异性,分别采用自洽(SCA)模型和微分等效介质(DEM)模型模拟得到背景介质,结合孔隙及流体等特征,建立等效岩石物理模型;进而通过计算背景介质体积模量及饱和流体等效岩石体积模量,发现两者的差异与实钻井压力系数正相关,并建立地震预测模型;最后推导建立了基于Gray近似弹性阻抗的体积模量直接反演方法,实现了页岩地层体积模量及压力系数的定量预测。实际数据试验表明预测结果与实钻井及后验井吻合度较高。     

一种新的裂缝储层的数值模拟方法

为了客观地反映裂缝储层的地震波场特征,本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了一种新的裂缝储层数值模拟方法——微观矢量宏观标量法(MIVMAS)。该方法综合考虑裂缝发育带内裂缝与围体介质的物理性质,利用微观的Christoff矢量方程计算每个裂缝发育带的等效纵波速度,得到新的速度模型和反射系数模型;然后利用波动方程的数值模拟方法,采用宏观的标量波动方程对新模型进行数值模拟。该方法以裂缝带整体特征为研究对象,得到的数值模拟结果更符合实际,为裂缝储层的波场特征研究提供了一种新的思路和方法。