Material encapsulation in poly(methyl methacrylate) shell: A review

Material encapsulation is a relatively new technique for coating a micro/nanosize particle or droplet with polymeric or inorganic shell. Encapsulation technology has many applications in various fields including drug delivery, cosmetic, agriculture, thermal energy storage, textile, and self-healing polymers. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used as shell material in encapsulation due to its high chemical stability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and good mechanical properties. The main approach for micro/nanoencapsulation of materials using PMMA as shell comprises emulsion-based techniques such as emulsion polymerization and solvent evaporation from oil-in-water emulsion. In the present review, we first focus on the encapsulation techniques of liquid materials with PMMA shell by analyzing the effective processing parameters influencing the preparation of PMMA micro/nanocapsules. We then describe the morphology of PMMA capsules in emulsion systems according to thermodynamic relations. The techniques to investigation of mechanical properties of capsule shell and the release mechanisms of core material from PMMA capsules were also investigated. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48039.     

Hydrocarbon-based electrode ionomer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The electrode ionomer is a key factor that significantly affects the catalyst layer morphology and fuel cell performance. Herein, sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based electrode ionomers with polymers of various molecular weights and alcohol/water mixtures were prepared, and those comprising the alcohol/water mixture showed a higher performance than the ones prepared using higher boiling solvents, such as dimethylacetamide; this is owing to the formation of the uniformly dispersed ionomer catalyst layer. The relation between ionomer molecular weight for the same polymer structure and the sulfonation degree was investigated. Because the chain length of polymer varies with molecular weight and chain entanglement degree, its molecular weight affects the electrode morphology. As the ionomer covered the catalyst, the agglomerates formed were of different morphologies according to their molecular weight, which could be deduced indirectly through dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the fuel cell performance was confirmed in the current-voltage curve.     

Investigation on sulphonated zinc oxide nanorod incorporated sulphonated poly (1,4-phenylene ether ether sulfone) nanocomposite membranes for improved performance of microbial fuel cell

Hydrothermally prepared zinc oxide nanorods are sulphonated (S–ZnO NR) and incorporated into 15% Sulphonated Poly (1,4-Phenylene Ether Ether Sulfone) (SPEES) to improve the hydrophilicity, water uptake and ion transfer capacity. Water uptake and ion transfer capacity increased to 34.6 ± 0.6% and 2.0 ± 0.05 meq g^?1 from 29.8 ± 0.3% and 1.4 ± 0.04 meq g^?1 by adding 7.5 wt% S–ZnO NR to SPEES. Morphological studies show the prepared S–ZnO NR is well dispersed in the polymer matrix. SPEES +7.5 wt% S–ZnO NR membrane exhibits optimum performance after three-weeks of continual operation in a fabricated microbial fuel cell (MFC) to produce a maximum power density of 142 ± 1.2 mW m^?2 with a reduced biofilm compared to plain SPEES (59 ± 0.8 mW m^?2), unsulphonated filler incorporated SPEES (SPEES + 7.5 wt% ZnO, 68 ± 1.1 mW m^?2) and Nafion (130 ± 1.5 mW m^?2) thereby suggesting its suitability as a sustainable and improved cation exchange membrane (CEM) for MFCs.     

人工颅骨用复合材料中微量甲基丙烯酸甲酯的气相色谱法测定

采用氢气焰离子化检测器(FID),以正丁醇为外标物,PEG-20M为固定相,甲醇作为溶剂,气相色谱法测定复合材料人工颅骨中微量MMA的含量。其相对标准偏差<0.022,平均回收率(n=4)为98.0％～99.1％。此方法操作简便,用于实际样品分析可得到满意的结果。     

Study of the effect of BDMA catalyst in the epoxy novolac curing process by isothermal DSC

Epoxy novolac/anhydride cure kinetics has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry under isothermal conditions. The system used in this study was an epoxy novolac resin (DEN431), with nadic methyl anhydride as hardener and benzyldimethylamine as accelerator. Kinetic parameters including the reaction order, activation energy and kinetic rate constants, were investigated. The cure reaction was described with the catalyst concentration, and a normalized kinetic model developed for it. It is shown that the cure reaction is dependent on the cure temperature and catalyst concentration, and that it proceeds through an autocatalytic kinetic mechanism. The curing kinetic constants and the cure activation energies were obtained using the Arrhenius kinetic model. A suggested kinetic model with a diffusion term was successfully used to describe and predict the cure kinetics of epoxy novolac resin compositions as a function of the catalyst content and temperature. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

二氧化碳加氢直接合成二甲醚催化剂的研究——沉淀次序对复合催化剂结构和性能的影响

以草酸乙醇溶液为沉淀剂,采用不同的沉淀次序(并流、反加和正加)制备了CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5复合型催化剂,对CO2加氢直接合成二甲醚反应的催化活性顺序为:并流法催化剂>反加法催化剂>正加法催化剂。3种复合催化剂的还原温度由低到高的顺序为:并流法催化剂<反加法催化剂<正加法催化剂。在沉淀过程中,反加法和正加法均形成类胶体沉淀,相应催化剂的比表面积也较大。IR研究发现,催化剂在1101cm-1处表现Cu/Zn/Al氧化物与HZSM-5分子筛之间相互作用的IR吸收峰强度与其催化活性间存在对应关系。XRD结果表明,并流法得到的催化剂前驱体中有铜锌同形取代现象,有利于催化剂活性的发挥。     

甲醇气相羰化合成醋酸甲酯的产物分析

以热导池为检测器,分别采用8/100间苯二甲酸+GDX-103、Porapak-Q分析甲醇气相羰化的液相产物和气相产物,确定了气相色谱分析的操作条件,测定了各组分的校正因子,并应用于甲醇绿色羰化合成醋酸甲酯的催化剂评选,得到了满意的结果。     

分子筛绿色化合成技术的开发

对现有分子筛合成废液中氨氮及还原性物质的来源进行分析，确定降低排放废水中氨氮浓度及COD的方案。对现有ZRP-5分子筛制备流程进行优化，增加母液及赶胺水回用工序；建立母液浓缩装置，将钛硅分子筛及Β分子筛的合成母液及重排母液应用于ZSM-5分子筛的合成，实现废液的梯级利用。上述措施既解决了因分子筛生产废液的排放造成的环境污染，亦因废物资源化降低了ZSM-5分子筛的生产成本。     

N-油酰基肌氨酸钠对除盐水缓蚀性能的探讨

对N-油酰基肌氨酸钠单体的缓蚀性能以及与常用除盐水缓蚀剂的协同作用作了探讨,发现在一定浓度下,单体对经过加氨调节后的高温除盐水(氨后除盐水)有良好的缓蚀作用,且与大多数除盐水缓蚀剂有良好的协同效应。在此基础上研制了一种复合药剂,并对其缓蚀、阻蚀性能作了研究。动电位极化曲线扫描图谱表明,该复合药剂属于抑制阳极腐蚀的阳极型缓蚀剂,其适用的水质条件为[Cl~-+SO_4~(2-)]不超过50 mg／L,pH不低于8.0；与阻垢剂复配,可以适用于含Ca~(2+)不超过45 mg／L的水质条件。     

含氯取代基的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺的合成与表征

以 2 ,5 -二氯对苯二甲酰氯作为第三单体 ,将其与间苯二甲酰氯、间苯二胺在N ,N -二甲基乙酰胺中进行低温溶液共缩聚反应 ,合成了含氯取代基的聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺。研究了单体摩尔浓度、反应初始温度、叔胺添加剂种类、第三单体用量等对共聚物相对分子质量的影响 ,并用红外光谱、热重分析等方法对共聚物进行了表征。