测井新技术在四川油气勘探开发中的应用

综述随着四川盆地油气勘探深入所面临的油气领域复杂和困难的技术问题，介绍应用测井新技术为四川油气开发解决了大量的技术难题，特别是在复杂缝，洞型储层的评价，井旁地质构造形态精细分析和地质，测井，地震多学科结合储层横向预测等3个方面所取得的良好应用效果。     

四川盆地高石梯地区震旦系灯影组气藏高产井地震模式新认识

四川盆地震旦系灯影组为一套主要受沉积和岩溶作用控制的缝洞型储层,以缝洞尺度小、地层岩性复杂、储层纵横向非均质性强等为特征,致使储层钻遇率较低、单井天然气产能差异较大。为了解决该区储层地震识别存在多解性的难题,在对位于乐山—龙女寺古隆起南翼的高石梯潜伏构造区灯四段进行地层精细划分的基础上,结合气井测井、测试资料确定储层组合类型,利用高分辨率地震资料开展了不同储层组合类型典型井的地震响应特征及高产井地震模式研究。结果表明,该区灯四段可划分为3种储层组合类型,对应于3类地震模式:(1)Ⅰ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷+双亮点"或"宽波谷+复波"地震响应特征,缝洞发育,为开发阶段首选的高产井地震模式,可实施大斜度井或水平井工艺;(2)Ⅱ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷"地震响应特征,缝洞较发育,为中产井模式,可实施大斜度井工艺;(3)Ⅲ类地震模式,具有"宽波谷+亮点"地震响应特征,缝洞欠发育,为较低产能井模式,可实施水平井工艺。该地震模式新认识的现场应用效果表明,储层钻遇率超过60%,已完成的8口井平均测试天然气产量高达75.34×104 m3/d。结论认为,基于地震相、缝洞预测及靶体设计一体化的高产井地震模式,支撑了该区天然气勘探开发井位部署和钻井轨迹调整,取得了良好的应用效果。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏开发早期合理采油速度模型

对于缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，衰竭式开发是最合理的开采方式。对于衰竭式开采，在制定开发方案时，确定合理采油速度尤为重要。研究中根据其他相同类型油田的成功开采实例，选取尽可能多的影响因素，采用多元逐步回归分析方法。得到了一个缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏开发早期合理采油速度模型。此模型包含了流体性质和地层参数，与关于固有地质情况对采油速度影响的物理概念并不矛盾，并且适应面广，可对衰竭式开发早期缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的合理采油速度做出初步结论。用数值模拟方法证明，这个模型可用于现场实际。     

利用聚类分析方法研究储层流体类型

随着川渝油气田天然气勘探开发的不断深化,川中地区某构造雷口坡组储层目前成为勘探开发的重点.该构造裂缝孔洞型白云岩储层在横向上分布较稳定,但裂缝、孔、洞并存,孔隙结构、气水关系复杂,基岩孔隙度低,裂缝影响大.利用常规测井、电成像和阵列声波测井资料来判别储层流体类型效果不佳,解释符合率低.针对该构造独特的地质特点,充分利用测井、岩屑、气测、岩心、试气等各种有用信息,开展用聚类分析方法进行储层分类、判别储层流体类型的研究.经过26口井的测试检验,解释符合率大于90%,效果显著.     

缝洞型油藏油井产能分析

缝洞型油藏主要由溶洞、裂缝构成,具有较强的非均质性和丰富的储集空间,对其进行产能分析一般较为困难。根据等效连续介质理论,通过对基质、溶洞和裂缝3种区域进行不同的排列组合,建立了6种缝洞型油藏单井产能方程;并根据某油井实际的生产数据,计算得到6种缝洞型油藏的单井产量,并对其进行对比分析;进而讨论了溶洞半径、溶洞渗透率、裂缝宽度和裂缝渗透率这4个因素对单井产能的影响。分析后认为：溶洞区域接近井筒时的产量更高,并且此时溶洞半径和渗透率对产量的影响要比基质区域接近井筒时的影响要大;当裂缝区域接近井筒时,裂缝宽度和渗透率对产量的影响要比基质区域接近井筒时的影响要大。     

A Single-phase Fluid Flow Pattern in a Kind of Fractured-vuggy Media

Abstract

The oil reserves of a fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir are abundant. It is important to study the flow pattern in fractured-vuggy media for developing fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs. In this article, the curves of velocity vs. pressure gradient under different vug density have been drawn by completing the experiment of single-phase fluid flow. Using experimental data, the critical velocity at which the linear flow period changes to a non-linear flow period has been calculated by researching the relationship of the Reynolds number and the resistance coefficient. Based on the Darcy formula and the Forchheimer formula, the expressions of permeability and coefficients of the Forchheimer formula, which are function of vug density, have been calculated by fitting experimental data. A single-phase fluid flow pattern in fractured-vuggy media with different vug density has been built. Conclusions are as follows: With an increase of vug density, the pressure gradient at the same velocity decreases and the critical velocity increases. The flow pattern can be described by the Darcy formula when the velocity is smaller than the critical velocity and by the Forchheimer formula when the velocity is bigger than the critical velocity.     

柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段TSR与储层改造

硫酸盐热化学还原反应(TSR)作为溶蚀作用的一种重要机制在储层研究中具有重要意义。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、测井等资料的分析,研究了柴达木盆地英西地区下干柴沟组上段TSR特征及其对储层的改造作用。研究结果表明：(1)TSR反应物主要为烃类与硫酸盐岩,生成物为高含量的H₂S,CO₂及蚀变烃类、方解石、单质硫、黄铁矿、含硫有机物等,反应起始温度为100～140℃,对应英西地区地层深度为3 113～4 536 m。(2)英西地区下干柴沟组上段TSR造成了碳酸盐岩孔缝充填物种类繁多,主要包括晶粒状和块状黄铁矿、单质硫及沥青等蚀变矿物,含硫矿物的δ³⁴S值偏大;天然气烃组分具有甲烷含量高、重烃含量低的特征,干燥系数偏大,碳同位素δ¹³C₁值和δ¹³C₂值较大,并且常见H₂S及相对较高含量的CO₂等TSR生成物,地层水盐度降低。(3)TSR相关流体对碳酸盐岩储层进行了改造,埋藏溶蚀作用发育,形成...     

随机介质地震波正演模拟在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用

为了研究碳酸盐岩储层的地球物理响应特征,在对塔河油田奥陶系风化面下碳酸盐岩储层初步认识的基础上,利用随机介质建模技术,设计并建立了一系列碳酸盐岩储层规则孔洞和随机孔洞模型,并应用变网格有限差分法对地震波在孔洞模型中的传播进行了正演计算,对模拟得到的地震属性进行了分析,研究了孔洞对地震反射特征的影响,获得了规则孔洞尺度以及随机排列孔洞密度对地震属性的影响规律。对于单个的溶洞而言,当溶洞横向尺度小于菲涅尔带半径,纵向尺度小于调谐厚度时,溶洞反射振幅与溶洞尺度成正比例关系;对于随机分布孔洞的碳酸盐岩储层而言,地震波能量与孔洞密度成正比例关系。     

Application of the triple porosity model in well–log effectiveness estimation of the carbonate reservoir in Tarim oilfield

In carbonate reservoirs, effectiveness estimation using logging data has great challenges. According to the pore structure characteristics of the fractured and vuggy carbonate reservoir, Aguilera and Aguilera [Roberto F. Aguilera and Roberto Aguilera, 2004. A Triple Porosity Model for Petrophysical Analysis of Naturally Fractured Reservoir, Petrophysics, 45(2):157–166.] presented a triple porosity model, in which the secondary porosity was divided into connected fractured (and/or) vuggy porosity and non-connected vuggy porosity. In this paper, a new technology is presented to determine the values of the different porosity in the triple porosity model. Based on lateral logs responses, we derive analytical equations that contain connected fractured (and/or vuggy) porosity, non-connected vuggy porosity, matrix porosity and so on. Using these equations and the conventional log data, we can obtain the petrophysical parameters, such as connected fractured porosity, non-connected vuggy porosity and so on. Then the connected fractured (and/or vuggy) porosity and its percentage in the total porosity are used to indicate the effectiveness of the carbonate reservoir. This method has been applied for the well log interpretation of the 123 testing intervals from the 52 wells in Tarim oil field. Agreement ratio of the interpretation results is 91%, which verifies the validity of the presented method.