4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑-NTO盐的晶体结构及性能

用X射线单晶衍射法测定了4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑(4-AT)与3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)制得的盐(AT)(NTO)的单晶结构。结果表明:该晶体为单斜晶系,属P21/c空间群,晶体学参数a=7.071(2),b=6.361(3),c=18.792(7);β=96.43(3)°;V=839.9(5)3;Z=4;Dc=1.694 g.cm-3;μ=0.145/mm;F(000)=440。在(AT)(NTO)晶体中,4-AT阳离子上所有的原子和NTO阴离子上所有的原子均在以各自三唑环为基础的一个平面上,两平面夹角为7.6°。由真空安定性(VST)、撞击感度、摩擦感度和静电火花感度试验所得的真空放气量、特性落高、爆炸概率、50%发火电压、50%发火能分别为0.28 mL.g-1(100℃/48 h),124.7 cm,0%,12.841 kV和2.515 J,表明,(AT)(NTO)对热是稳定的,对撞击、摩擦和静电火花是不敏感的。     

Molecular Dynamic Simulation for HMX/NTO Supramolecular Explosive

Based on the crystal engineering, six models of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine(HMX)/3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO) supramolecular explosive were designed. The probable formation of HMX/NTO supramolecular explosive was investigated by the molecular dynamic (MD) method. Interaction between oxygen atoms in HMX and hydrogen atoms in NTO or between hydrogen atoms in HMX and oxygen atoms in NTO were studied by the radial distribution function (RDF). It shows that there are strong hydrogen bonds and Van Der Waals forces between HMX and NTO, in which the hydrogen bonds between oxygen atoms in the NTO and hydrogen atoms in HMX are the main host-guest interactions. The distributions of bond length, bond angle and dihedral angle were simulated by MD. It shows that the structure of HMX is seriously distorted. The binding energies and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were calculated on the basis of the final HMX/NTO supramolecular structures. The results show that the binding energies of six supramolecular models are E binding (1 1 1-) >E binding (1 0 0)>E binding (0 2 0)>E binding (random)>E binding (1 0 2-)>Ebinding (0 1 1), and the XRD patterns of six supramolecular models are quite different from pure HMX or NTO. Based on the investigation for growth morphology, binding energies and RDF, the model of HMX supercell substituted by NTO along the (1 1 1-) surface of HMX is easier to form.     

NTO及其盐的制备、表征与应用(续)

2．2．2晶体结构 杨利等人、冯长根等人、马海霞等人对制备的NTO胺盐的晶体结构进行了研究,确定了它们的分子结构和晶体学参数,李加荣对一些早期的研究成果进行了概述,结果见表12。研究表明：目前制备出的NTO胺盐全部为离子型化合物,除ANTO和GNTO各含1分子结晶水外,其他NTO胺盐均不含结晶水。     

3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮及其盐的研究概述

详细介绍了新型含能材料3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）的合成与性能研究状况,包括合成方法、晶体结构、量子化学、热分解行为、毒性等方面。着重介绍了包括NTO碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属和稀土金属等21种NTO金属盐的单晶结构和热行为,重点总结了NTO碱金属盐的热分解产物,其中NTO的锂、钠、钾配合物的最终分解产物为碳酸盐,而铷和铯配合物的最终分解产物为碳酸盐、氧化物和高聚物,得出NTO碱金属盐的活化焓（△H≠）和放热分解峰温（Tpdo）之间的关系。附参考文献73篇。     

NTO与黏结剂的界面作用

采用DCAT 21型动态接触角/表面张力仪测量了NTO、GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯的接触角,通过接触角计算出NTO、GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯的表面自由能,并计算了NTO与GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯之间的黏合功W和铺展系数S。NTO-GAP、NTO-HTPB和NTO-聚氨酯界面之间的黏合功分别为114.59、76.13和101.81N/m,铺展系数为63.57、33.14和53.27 N/m。结果表明,NTO与GAP、HTPB、聚氨酯界面之间的相互作用大小顺序为NTO-GAPNTO-聚氨酯NTO-HTPB。红外光谱研究结果也显示,NTO-聚氨酯的界面相互作用比NTO-HTPB的界面相互作用强。     

Covalent and Ionic Insensitive High‐Explosives

Ongoing research into new insensitive energetic materials with low sensitivity toward accidental stimuli, high thermal stability and high performance characteristics is undertaken in many research groups worldwide. In order to obtain promising compounds, which fulfil the sensitivity, stability, and performance requirements, researchers use many different strategies. One of the most promising approaches is the synthesis of novel explosives with tailored physico‐chemical properties. In this review the synthesis and properties of some both covalent (NTO, TEX, FOX‐7, ADNP, DNPPs) and ionic (salts of ANDP and DNPP) insensitive explosives are presented, which are of high interest to this field of research.     

3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)铅配合物Pb(NTO)2H2O的制备和晶体结构

通过３－硝基－１，２，４－三唑－５－酮（ＮＴＯ）的钠盐水溶液与硝酸铅水溶液反应，制备了ＮＴＯ铅配合物，其单晶结构用Ｘ射线分析法测定，所得晶体学参数为：ａ＝７．２６２（１），ｂ＝１２．１２９（２），ｃ＝１２．２６８（３），β＝９０．３８（２）°，Ｖ＝１０８０．６（２）３，Ｚ＝４，Ｄｃ＝２．９７ｇ／ｃｍ３，μ＝１５７．８３ｃｍ－１，Ｆ（０００）＝８８８。晶体属单斜晶系，空间群为Ｐ２１／ｎ，最终偏离因子Ｒ为０．０２７。     

3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)铕配合物[Eu(NTO)3.(H2O)5].5H2O的制备和晶体结构

通过３－硝基－１，２，４－三唑－５－酮（ＮＴＯ）的锂盐水溶液与Ｅｕ_２Ｏ_３的稀硝酸溶液反应，制备了ＮＴＯ的铕配合物，用Ｘ射线分析法测定了它的单晶结构。所得晶体学参数如下：ａ＝１８．７２０（２）Ａ，ｂ＝６．５４８（３）Ａ，ｃ＝１９．３２３（３）Ａ，β＝９５．３３（１）°，Ｖ＝２３５８．３（５）Ａ￣３，Ｚ＝４，Ｄ_ｃ＝２．０２６ｇ／ｃｍ￣３，μ＝２７．６７８ｃｍ（－１），Ｆ（０００）＝１４３２，晶体属单斜晶系，空间群为Ｐ_（２４）／ｎ，最终偏离因子Ｒ为０．０２３３。     

M(NTO)n和M(NTO)n.mH2O的热化学和热力学性质

本文着重介绍了用Ｃａｉｖｅｔ微量热量计在２９８．１５Ｋ下测定了２０种Ｍ（ＮＴＯ）．·ｍＨ＿２Ｏ（Ｍ＝金属；ＮＴＯ＝３－硝基－１．２．４－三唑－５－酮；Ｍ＝Ｌｉ，ｎ＝１，ｍ＝２：Ｍ＝Ｎａ，Ｋ，ｎ＝１，ｍ＝１；Ｍ＝Ｍｇ．Ｍｎ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，ｎ＝２，ｍ＝８；Ｍ＝Ｃａ，ｎ＝２，ｍ＝４；Ｍ＝Ｂａ，ｎ＝２，ｍ＝３；Ｍ＝Ｙ、Ｙｂ，ｎ＝３，ｍ＝６；Ｍ＝Ｌａ，Ｃｅ，Ｐｒ．Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｇｄ，ｎ＝３，ｍ＝７；Ｍ＝Ｎｄ，ｎ＝３，ｍ＝８；Ｍ＝Ｔｂ；Ｄｙ，ｎ＝３；ｍ＝５）在水中的溶解焓和ＫＮＴＯ·Ｈ＿２Ｏ（ｃｒ）与ＣｕＳＯ＿４（ａｑ）、Ｐｂ（ＮＯ＿３）＿２（ａｑ）和Ｚｎ（ＮＯ＿３）＿２（ａｑ）的沉淀反应焓．利用测得的溶解焓和沉淀反应治数据，计算了这２０种Ｍ（ＮＴＯ）＿ｎ·ｍＨ＿２Ｏ和３种沉淀反应产物（Ｃｕ（ＮＴＯ）＿２·２Ｈ＿２Ｏ，Ｐｂ（ＮＴＯ）＿２·Ｈ＿２Ｏ和Ｚｎ（ＮＴＯ）＿２·Ｈ＿２Ｏ）的标准生成焓。用Ｋａｐｕｓｔｉｎｓｋｉｉ公式计算了２０种Ｍ（ＮＴＯ）＿ｎ（Ｍ＝Ｌｉ．Ｎａ，Ｋ，ｎ＝１；Ｍ＝Ｍｇ，Ｇａ，Ｍｎ，Ｃｏ，Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，ｎ＝２；Ｍ＝Ｙ，Ｌａ，Ｃｅ，Ｐｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｇｄ，Ｔｂ，Ｄｙ，Ｙｂ．ｎ＝３）的晶格能，进而算出了它们     

3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)废酸的循环利用

针对3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)硝化过程中产生大量废酸导致“三废”综合治理成本高的问题,通过向废酸中补加少量工业浓硝酸制成质量分数为70%的硝酸溶液作为硝化剂,硝化1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(TO),循环合成目标化合物NTO。采用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、元素分析对其进行了结构表征。考察了硝化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对产品的影响,优化了硝化反应条件,确定硝化的最佳反应条件为: n(TO)n(HNO₃)=16,反应温度60~65 ℃,反应时间1 h,纯度可达99.9%。废酸循环利用10次以上,平均收率82%,硝酸用量减少了67.6%。 