强电磁脉冲对引信执行级电路辐照效应分析

研究了强电磁脉冲（UWS-HPM）对某型无线电近炸引信执行机构电路产生的效应。建立了UWS-HPM与引信执行级电路耦合的等效电路；利用节点电压法计算了电路参数，分析了影响UWS—HPM与引信执行级电路耦合的因素；利用OrCAD电路设计系统中的PSpiceA／D程序进行了仿真试验。仿真试验结果表明：UWS—HPM是使引信执行机构发火的原因。通过UWS-HPM与执行电路之间的耦合效应在执行机构电路中产生的快速变化的电压使晶闸管导通。利用UWS—HPM源对自制执行机构单元电路进行辐照效应试验，验证了仿真试验结果和分析结论。     

Detailed modeling of the evaporation and thermal decomposition of urea‐water solution in SCR systems

This work is aimed to develop a multicomponent evaporation model for droplets of urea‐water solution (UWS) and a thermal decomposition model of urea for automotive exhausts by using the selective catalytic reduction systems. In the multicomponent evaporation model, the influence of urea on the UWS evaporation is taken into account using a nonrandom two‐liquid activity model. The thermal decomposition model is based on a semidetailed kinetic scheme accounting not only for the production of ammonia (NH₃) and isocyanic acid but also for the formation of heavier solid by‐products (biuret, cyanuric acid, and ammelide). This kinetics model has been validated against gaseous data as well as solid‐phase concentration profiles obtained by Lundstroem et al. (2009) and Schaber et al. (2004). Both models have been implemented in IFP‐C3D industrial software to simulate UWS droplet evaporation and decomposition as well as the formation of solid by‐products. It has been shown that the presence of the urea solute has a small influence on the water evaporation rate, but its effect on the UWS temperature is significant. In addition, the contributions of hydrolysis and thermolysis to urea decomposition have been assessed. Finally, the impacts of the heating rate as well as gas‐phase chemistry on urea decomposition pathways have been studied in detail. It has been shown that reducing the heating rate of the UWS causes the extent of the polymerization to decrease because of the higher activation energy. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Using momentum flux measurements to determine the injection rate of a commercial Urea Water Solution injector

The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology allows the transformation of the Nitrous Oxide emissions present in exhaust gases into gaseous nitrogen and water. For a proper operation of the SCR, a urea-water solution (UWS) injector must dose an adequate amount of liquid into the exhaust pipe in order to avoid deposit formation and to guarantee the SCR system efficiency. This task requires the knowledge of the performance of the injector. Then, the goal of this work is to study the hydraulic performance of a UWS injector, by means of measuring the spray momentum flux in order to understand the influence of different variables as injected fluid, injection pressure, counter pressure and cooling temperature of the injector on the flow characteristics. The tested injector was cooled at three different temperatures, 60, 90 and 120 °C, the injection pressure of the UWS was set at 5, 7 and 9 bar, with counter pressures of 750, 900, 1000 and 2000 mbar for the two tested fluids, water and UWS. The measurements were carried out using an experimental facility developed at CMT-Motores Térmicos for the determination of spray momentum flux, where a piezoelectric pressure sensor was located near the nozzle exit of the injector, which measures the impact force of the spray. Additionally, the proposed methodology allowed to determine the injected mass flow and to capture the transient injection events, such as the opening and closing stages. Moreover, mass flow rate measurements of the injector were performed under the same operating conditions, determining the influence of the injection pressure, cooling temperature, counter pressure and fluid properties. Regarding the pressure, the tendency was as expected, the higher the injection pressure the higher the Momentum flux and flow rate. Results showed that an increment of the cooling temperature of the injector induces the appearance of flash boiling conditions, having an impact on the total injected mass and momentum flux, changing the behaviour of the spray. For the same conditions, water has a higher momentum flux than the UWS due to differences in fluid properties and velocity at the nozzle exit.     

Modeling and simulation of urea-water-solution droplet evaporation and thermolysis processes for SCR systems

A reliable mathematical model of urea-water-solution(UWS) droplet evaporation and thermolysis is developed.The well known Abramzon–Sirignano evaporation model is corrected by introducing an adjustment coefficient considering the different evaporation behaviors of UWS droplet at different ambient temperatures. A semidetailed kinetic scheme of urea thermolysis is developed based on Ebrahimian's work. Sequentially, the evaporation characteristics, decomposition efficiency of a single UWS droplet and deposit formation are simulated. As a result, the relation of evaporation time, relative velocity, exhaust temperature and droplet initial diameter is presented. Synchronously, it indicates that temperature is the decisive factor for urea thermolysis. Different temperatures result in different deposit components, and deposit yield is significantly influenced by temperature and decomposition time. The current work can provide guidance for designing urea injection strategy of SCR systems.     

Sustainability assessment in strategic management of wastewater transport system: a case study in Trondheim,Norway

Sewer networks represent high value in water infrastructure assets and it is important to develop and operate them by specified sustainable management. This paper presents the results of a sustainability analysis on the wastewater transport system of Trondheim, Norway, for future planning (2014–2040) from a metabolism-based performance analysis by the Dynamic Metabolism Model (DMM). The aim of this work is to demonstrate a methodology for comparing different pathways toward a sustainable management of wastewater systems. For this purpose, four intervention strategies ‘infiltration and inflow reduction’, ‘increasing rehabilitation rate’, ‘extension of system regarding population growth’, ‘energy management’ along with different combinations of them have been analysed. The results of this study may give some support to decision-makers in wastewater departments. In practice, to achieve strategic level planning of sustainable sewer asset management, it is vital to assess different aspects of sustainability and manage them in a comprehensive system.     

无线电引信执行电路抗超宽谱电磁脉冲研究

为了研究强无线电引信对电磁脉冲辐照效应的防护加固措施,对某型引信执行电路进行超宽谱辐电磁脉冲(UWS-EMP)辐照实验,分析了超宽谱电磁脉冲干扰引信执行电路的原因是它能够使引信执行电路中的晶闸管意外导通,使引信发火。对防护加固改造前后的引信执行电路用UWS-EMP进行了对比辐照实验,用PspiceA/D仿真软件进行了仿真实验,结果证明防护加固措施大大提高了无线电引信执行电路抗UWS-EMP的能力,而且对引信的性能没有影响。