On the boundary-layer control through momentum injection: Studies with applications

The concept of moving surface boundary-layer control, as applied to a Joukowsky airfoil, is investigated through a planned experimental programme complemented by numerical studies. The moving surface was provided by rotating cylinders located at the leading edge and/or trailing edge as well as top surface of the airfoil. Results suggest that the concept is quite promising, leading to a substantial increase in lift and a delay in stall. Depending on the performance desired, appropriate combinations of cylinder geometry, location and speed can be selected to obtain favourable results over a wide range of angle of attack. Next, effectiveness of the concept in reducing drag of bluff bodies such as a two-dimensional flat plate at large angles of attack, rectangular prisms and three-dimensional models of trucks is assessed through an extensive wind tunnel test-programme. Results show that injection of momentum through moving surfaces, achieved here by introduction of bearing-mounted, motordriven, hollow cylinders, can significantly delay separation of the boundary-layer and reduce the pressure drag. The momentum injection procedure also proved effective in arresting wind-induced vortex resonance and galloping type of instabilities. A flow visualization study, conducted in a closed-circuit water tunnel using slit lighting and polyvinyl choride tracer particles, adds to the wind-tunnel and numerical investigations. It shows, rather dramatically, the effectiveness of the moving surface boundary-layer control (MSBC). The Sabita Chaudhury Memorial Lecture The models were fabricated in the Mechanical Engineering Workshop. The assistance of M/s E Abell, P Hurren and D Camp in the design and construction of the models is gratefully acknowledged. The investigation was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Grant No. A-2181.     

Viscous and Aeroelastic Effects on Wind Turbine Blades. The VISCEL project. Part I: 3D Navier–Stokes Rotor simulations

Aerodynamic modelling of HAWT rotors by means of “engineering methods” has reached a saddle point, where no further development can be expected without a breakthrough in understanding the physics of unsteady, rotating three‐dimensional flows. However, such a breakthrough becomes ever more necessary, as the size of the wind turbines increases. With the experimental work in that direction being mostly limited to observing the phenomena and interpreting the associated mechanisms, and its increased cost, alternatives are being sought. The use of CFD techniques and state‐of‐the‐art Navier–Stokes solvers is considered a very serious contender, a belief shared by the members of the present consortium, which has worked on the VISCEL JOR3‐CT98‐0208 Joule III project. This project's goal was to determine the aerodynamic characteristics as well as the aeroelastic behaviour of wind turbine blades across their broad range of operational conditions, from attached to highly separated flow regimes. The work programme included specific tasks for the validation and assessment of existing 3D solvers, for the parametric study of 3D flow around realistic blades and for the investigation of aeroelastic stability, at the blade section level. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ornament and function

The architects and builders in the past lacked our knowledge concerning fluid dynamics, but they exhibited a deep rooted ability to observe and reflect - thus, different cultures have developed by trial and error. The authors have produced a stimulating analysis which couples the science of fluid dynamics and a sensitive understanding of past cultures. The paper is recommended reading.     

刹车盘结构对车轮及整车流场的影响

为研究车轮刹车盘结构对旋转车轮和整车流场气动特性的影响,针对是否存在刹车盘两种情况分别建立等比例模型,采用可实现的k-ε两方程模型计算,对比分析气动升、阻力因数,表面压力因数及整体与局部流场,发现刹车盘结构在简化车体上对车轮局部和整车流场都具有突出影响,指出在整车气动特性模拟中刹车盘存在的必要性.进一步进行计算模型选择的研究,发现旋转壁面模型与多坐标参考系(Multiple Reference Frame,MRF)模型对旋转车轮的流场特性模拟结果有差异,在近车轮区域表现尤为明显.     

Formation mechanism of aerodynamic drag of high-speed train and some reduction measures

Aerodynamic drag is proportional to the square of speed. With the increase of the speed of train, aerodynamic drag plays an important role for high-speed train. Thus, the reduction of aerodynamic drag and energy consumption of high-speed train is one of the essential issues for the development of the desirable train system. Aerodynamic drag on the traveling train is divided into pressure drag and friction one. Pressure drag of train is the force caused by the pressure distribution on the train along the reverse running direction. Friction drag of train is the sum of shear stress, which is the reverse direction of train running direction. In order to reduce the aerodynamic drag, adopting streamline shape of train is the most effective measure. The velocity of the train is related to its length and shape. The outer wind shields can reduce train’s air drag by about 15%. At the same time, the train with bottom cover can reduce the air drag by about 50%, compared with the train without bottom plate or skirt structure. Foundation item: Project(2001AA505000) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development of China     

飞翼无人机非线性控制设计方法

为实现飞翼无人机的机动飞行,以带有流体矢量方向舵的飞翼无人机为设计对象,采用非线性设计方法设计了控制器,并进行飞行验证.针对飞翼无人机的机动飞行控制存在各种耦合和扰动的特点,设计内环线性化解耦以消除已知不利的耦合项,外环反步跟踪方法进行航迹跟踪的控制律结构,证明了该控制结构的稳定性.同传统反步控制方法相比,该控制器增加了内环解耦结构,并在控制结构中保留气动阻尼项,使得线性化后的系统为弱非线性系统.该结构不仅可以降低外环控制器设计的保守性,而且便于工程实现.仿真和飞行试验表明,该控制方案是有效的.     

一款模拟昆虫飞行方式的微小型扑翼机

设计了一款模拟昆虫飞行方式的微小型扑翼机,仿照蜻蜓的两翼,直升机式尾翼,以STC15F2K60S2为主控芯片,应用主流无线模块来完成实现遥控仿生扑翼机的设计与制作,经过实际测试能够满足飞行要求.     

鸡尾山大型高速滑坡近程飞行数值分析

为了研究鸡尾山大型高速滑坡的运动规律,提供确定滑坡灾害预警范围的科学依据,应用matlab软件,基于空气动力学理论对滑坡近程飞行阶段初始速度及飞行时间进行了反演分析,并得到近程飞行阶段的运动方程及其运动特征。为类似高速远程滑坡运动特征的研究及灾害预警范围的确定提供科学依据,对山地滑坡带防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

高速列车进入隧道产生压缩波的实验研究

高速列车进出隧道时会产生一系列空气动力学效应,引起噪声及车厢内压力的变化.实验测试是研究这一问题的有效方法之一.利用高速列车空气动力学模型实验系统对高速列车在进入隧道过程中瞬变压力的传播规律进行研究,并分析了列车速度以及阻塞比对测试结果的影响,得出的结论对以后的研究具有一定的参考和借鉴.     

现代光学新分支学科——气动光学

从气动光学学科发展历程出发，介绍了气动光学提出的背景，提出了气动光学的定义及内涵、研究对象和研究方法，描述了气动光学研究的主要内容：气动光学效应机理研究、气动光学效应校正方法研究、气动光学效应校正验证试验研究和高速飞行器光学窗口技术研究；详细阐述了国内开展气动光学学科理论基础、工程建模、试验原理及试验方法等研究途径，给出了一些典型的研究结果，指出了学科的应用前景和发展趋势。