传爆管用聚奥99炸药研究

介绍了具有高煤轰感度和耐热特性的聚奥99炸药的配方、制备工艺、性能以及装入传爆管后产品的性能和应用状况。     

超细CL-20/HMX共晶的制备、表征及其与推进剂组分的相容性

通过加入微量溶剂,采用超高效混合技术,在70 g的加速度条件下反应30 min制备得到摩尔比为2∶1的超细六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与奥克托今(CL-20/HMX)共晶,通过X射线粉末衍射、差示扫描量热法鉴定了CL-20/HMX共晶的形成,并对其形貌、粒度、感度等进行了表征测试。结果表明:制备的超细CL-20/HMX共晶纯度为92.6%,共晶炸药呈规则块状、表面光滑、粒径小于1μm、粒度分布均匀,其X射线衍射图在11.558°,13.264°,18.601°,24.474°,33.785°,36.269°处出现新的较强的衍射峰。超细CL-20/HMX共晶放热分解过程中只有一个放热分解峰,其放热峰温为248.3℃,其分解放热量(2192.1 J·g^-1),显著高于相同摩尔比的物理混合物(1327.3 J·g^-1)。按照GJB772A-1997《炸药试验方法》测得的摩擦感度比原料CL-20降低了16%,特性落高比原料CL-20提高28.6 cm,比原料HMX提高11.5 cm,形成共晶后安全性能更高。采用DSC法研究了超细CL-20/HMX共晶与推进剂常用组分均聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(HGAP)、硝化甘油/1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯混合物(NG/BTTN)、缩二脲三异氰酸酯(N-100)、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝粉(Al)的相容性,发现超细CL-20/HMX共晶与NG/BTTN、AP、Al的相容性较好,与HGAP、N-100不相容。     

Cast aluminized explosives (review)

This paper reviews the current status and future trends of aluminized explosives. The major focus is on cast compositions, which encompass both the melt-cast trinitrotoluene (TNT) based and the slurry cast polymer-based compositions. Widely reported RDX and HMX based aluminized compositions with TNT used as a binder are discussed in detail. Various researchers have suggested a 15–20% Al content as an optimum from the viewpoint of velocity of detonation. A higher Al content, however, is incorporated in most of the compositions for a sustained blast effect, due to the potential of secondary reactions of Al with detonation products. The effect of the aluminum particle size on performance parameters (velocity of detonation, etc.) is included. There are some recent works on nanometric Al based compositions, and the results obtained by various researchers suggest mixed trends for RDX-TNT compositions. Studies on nitrotriazol and TNT based compositions bring out their low vulnerability. Some of the interesting findings on ammonium dinitramide and bis(2,2,2-trinitro-ethyl)nitramine (BTNEN) based compositions are also included. The review brings out superiority of polymer based aluminized explosives, as compared to conventional TNT based compositions, particularly, with respect to low vulnerability. In general, aluminized plastic bonded explosives find numerous underwater applications. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is also incorporated, particularly, for enhancing underwater shock wave and bubble energy. Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene appears to be the binder of choice. However, nitrocellulose, polyethylene glycol, and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions with energetic plasticizers, like bis-dinitropropyl acetal/formal (BDNPA/F, 1/1 mix), trimethylol ethane trinitrate, and triethylene glycol dinitrate are also investigated. Polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions are found to be low vulnerable, particularly, in terms of shock sensitivity. Highly insensitive polymer bonded nitrotriazol based compositions are being pursued all over the globe. The highly insensitive CL-20/AP combination meets the demands of high density and high velocity of detonation. Glycidyl azide polymer and poly nitratomethyl methyl oxetane appear to be binders of interest for plastic bonded explosives in view of their superior energetics. The vulnerability aspects of these compositions, however, need to be studied in detail. Brief information on plastic bonded and gelled thermobaric explosives is also included. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 98–115, July–August, 2008.     

Estimating Ambient Vapor Pressures of Low Volatility Explosives by Rising‐Temperature Thermogravimetry

Vapor pressure is a fundamental physical characteristic of chemicals. Some solids have very low vapor pressures. Nevertheless numerous chemical detection instruments aim to detect vapors. Herein we address issues with explosive detection and use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate vapor pressures. Benzoic acid, whose vapor pressure is well characterized, was used to calculate instrumental parameters related to sublimation rate. Once calibrated, the rate of mass loss from TGA measurements was used to obtain vapor pressures of the 12 explosives at elevated temperature: explosive salts – guanidine nitrate (GN); urea nitrate (UN); ammonium nitrate (AN); as well as mono‐molecular explosives – hexanitrostilbene (HNS); cyclotetramethylene‐tetranitramine (HMX), 4,10‐dinitro‐2,6,8,12‐tetraoxa‐4,10‐diaza‐tetracyclododecane (TEX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), 1,3,3‐trinitroazeditine (TNAZ), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Ambient temperature vapor pressures were estimated by extrapolation of Clausius‐Clapeyron plots (i.e. ln p vs. 1/T). With this information potential detection limits can be assessed.     

HMX/FOX-7共晶炸药分子动力学模拟

基于环四甲撑四硝胺(HMX)主要生长面和共晶形成氢键规则,搭建6种HMX/1基于环四甲撑四硝胺(HMX)主要生长面和共晶形成氢键规则,搭建6种HMX/11-二氨基22-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)共晶模型。采用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究HMX/FOX-7共晶炸药形成的可能性。MD模拟过程中键长、键角、二面角发生严重扭曲。径向分布函数（RDF）考察HMX中氧原子和FOX-7中氢原子或HMX中氢原子和FOX-7中氧原子间的作用力。发现HMX和FOX-7分子间存在较强氢键和范德华力作用。根据最终HMX/FOX-7结构模型,进行结合能和X-射线粉末衍射（XRD）图谱计算。结果表明：6种共晶模型的结合能大小顺序为：E_b(0 2 0)>E_b(1 0 0)>E_b(随机)>E_b(111 )>E_b(102 )>E_b(0 11). 6种共晶模型的XRD衍射峰与纯组分HMX或FOX-7有很大区别。基于晶体生长形貌,结合能和径向分布函数的研究,FOX-7取代HMX（111 ）晶面的共晶模型易于形成。     

Nano Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine Particles Prepared by a Green Recrystallization Process

The solubility of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) in four ionic liquids (ILs): 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([Memim]DMP), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([Hmim]Br), and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim]BF₄) was investigated. Nano‐HMX were produced particles by spraying [Hmim]Br solution into purified ice water. Finally, the particle size, morphology, crystal phase, impact sensitivity, and thermal decomposition properties of nano‐HMX particles were tested and analyzed. All four ILs could dissolve HMX to a greater or lesser extent in the temperature range from 20 °C to 80 °C. The solubility of HMX in [Hmim]Br at 80 °C is up to 0.7 g mL⁻¹. Recrystallized HMX particles are of polyhedral or spherical shape and 40 to 130 nm in size. X‐ray diffraction indicated that nano‐HMX has a similar crystal structure as raw HMX (β‐form). Compared with raw HMX, the nano‐HMX particles have much lower impact sensitivity. However, they are easier to explode than raw HMX under thermal stimulus due to the lower peak temperature and activation energy.     

AP/HMX丁羟复合推进剂燃烧转爆轰研究

详细地研究了ＡＰ／ＨＭＸ丁羟复合推进剂的燃烧转爆轰过程。分析了推进剂颗粒尺寸和形状，装药的氧平衡和渗透性对ＤＤＴ的影响；讨论了由冲击波诱起爆轰和由燃烧导致爆轰的特点，并且分析了火箭发动机中实际使用的ＡＰ／ＨＭＸ丁羟复合推进剂装药能否产生ＤＤＴ的可能性。     

不同模型下HMX晶体结构和性能的MD研究

用分子动力学(MD)方法,在COMPASS力场和295K-NPT系综下,对奥克托今(HMX)(4×2×4)和(4×4×4)超晶胞及其沿各自(1 0 0)晶面构成的共6种模型进行了模拟,求得它们的平衡结构、引发键键长分布、引发键连双原子作用能和弹性力学性能。结果表明,引发键呈近似对称的高斯型分布,平均键长(L_ave)与实验值很接近; 随着体系中原子数目增加,引发键连双原子作用能EN—N单调增加; 除柯西压外,各模型的力学性能比较稳定一致。     

Gas release in energetic compositions with an active fuel binder on exposure to ionizing radiation

Gas chromatography, manometry, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy were used to study the gas release due to the action of electron and gamma radiation on composite energetic compositions and their active fuel binder consisting of polyester urethane and plasticized nitrate esters. It is shown that, under irradiation, fillers such as ammonium perchlorate and aerosil promote decomposition of the active fuel binder and that cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine acts as an inert filler. The possible causes of the findings are discussed. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 66–71, July–August, 2008.     

新型HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的制备及表征（英）

以含能聚合物(EP)为基底通过共沉淀法制备了奥克托今(HMX)/高氯酸铵(AP)/含能聚合物(EP)纳米复合物。用扫描电镜(SEM),能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)、比表面积(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET))测定、红外(IR)光谱法和差示扫描量热法(DSC)表征了它的结构及性能。结果表明,HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物具有三维纳米网状结构。HMX和AP均匀沉积在EP上面,其尺寸为50~200 nm。HMX、AP和EP紧密结合在一起,具有良好的相容性。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的分解温度远低于HMX的。当HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的氧平衡为零时,其分解热高达2570 J·g^-1。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的撞击特性落高H₅₀为50.49 cm,与HMX的撞击感度的特性落高(27 cm)相比,其机械感度较低。