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1.
Hot-dip galvanizing is a standard technology to produce coated steel strips. The primary objective of the galvanizing process is to establish a homogeneous zinc layer with a defined thickness. One condition to achieve this objective is a uniform transverse distance between the strip and the gas wiping dies, which blow off excessive liquid zinc. Therefore, a flat strip profile at the gas wiping dies is required. However, strips processed in such plants often exhibit residual curvatures which entail unknown flatness defects of the strip. Such flatness defects cause non-uniform air gaps and hence an inhomogeneous zinc coating thickness. Modern hot-dip galvanizing lines often use electromagnets to control the transverse strip profile near the gas wiping dies. Typically, the control algorithms ensure a flat strip profile at the electromagnets because the sensors for the transverse strip displacement are also located at this position and it is unfeasible to mount displacement sensors directly at the gas wiping dies. This brings along that in general a flatness defect remains at the gas wiping dies, which in turn entails a suboptimal coating.In this paper, a model-based method for a feedforward control of the strip profile at the position of the gas wiping dies is developed. This method is based on a plate model of the axially moving strip that takes into account the flatness defects in the strip. First, an estimator of the flatness defects is developed and validated for various test strips and settings of the plant. Using the validated mathematical model, a simulation study is performed to compare the state-of-the-art control approach (flat strip profile at the electromagnets) with the optimization-based feedforward controller (flat strip profile at the gas wiping dies) proposed in this paper. Moreover, the influence of the distance between the gas wiping dies and the electromagnets is investigated in detail. 相似文献
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随着互联网的高速发展,引发了网络流量、电信骨干网流量急速增长,使得网络容量的提升迫在眉睫。目前,100G 系统已经商用,超100G系统能够更有效地解决流量和网络带宽持续增长带来的压力,本文主要介绍新型单模光纤的特性以及探讨基于新型单模光纤的传输技术。 相似文献
3.
AbstractThe reabsorption characteristics of the lignite treated by low and high temperature drying process were addressed in the paper. The information about the moisture form, functional groups, effective water-filled porosities and equilibrium moisture content of the lignite before and after the drying process was investigated using Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and a self-made reabsorption device, respectively. The results show that the low drying temperature (140, 190, 230?°C, 10?min, N2) has little impact on the effective water-filled porosities of the resulted samples, whereas it has a great influence on the main oxygen-containing functional groups, which amount firstly decreases and then increases with the drying temperature increasing. In the case of the lignite samples dried under high-temperature (600, 700, 800?°C, 30?s, N2), the amount of the effective water-filled porosity of the sample decreases and the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups increases as the temperature increasing. The reabsorption capability of the high temperature dried sample is much lower than that of the sample treated under low drying temperature. The reabsorption characteristics of the low-temperature dried samples are affected by the amount of the oxygen-containing functional groups, while the effective water-filled porosity is main factor for the lignite samples derived from high temperature drying process. Moreover, the work gives a good evidence that the high-temperature drying process is an effective choose for lignite upgrading. 相似文献
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Shi Wei Zhao Xuefeng Ma Conghui Management of the National Development Reform Commission 《中国通信》2008,(3)
After the new round of restructuring of Chinese telecom sector,it's pressing to formulate and implement asymmetric regulation policies so as to shape an effectively competitive market structure in a relatively short term.This paper reviewed the asymmetric regulation policies and practices carried out in foreign telecom market,and then according to the specific situations of Chinese telecom market,proposed the principles and corresponding policies for establishing an asymmetric regulation system fit for Chin... 相似文献
8.
单层开采的圆形定压边界两层油藏压力动态分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为更好地分析具有越流的多层油藏的压力动态,采用有效井径的概念,在半透壁模型的基础上建立了圆形定压边界、两层越流油藏单层开采时的渗流数学模型。通过拉氏变换得到了拉氏空间中以Bessel函数表示的精确解。数值反演计算结果表明,单层开采的两层油藏与全部打开的两层油藏的压力动态基本相同,都表现为3个阶段:早期是介于两个渗透层之间的均质流动;中间为过渡段,导数曲线出现下凹特征;晚期表现为整个油藏的均质特征。随着边界距离的增加,压力导数值趋近于0.5。半透率越大过渡段出现得越早。导数曲线下凹程度越小;储容比越大导数曲线峰值越小,导数曲线下凹程度越小;随着两层渗透率比值变小。过渡段变短,导数曲线下凹程度变小。图1参9 相似文献
9.
This paper describes an effective analysis of magnetic shielding based on homogenization. The analyses become time‐consuming if the problems include the magnetic substances having fine structure. The homogenization of the structure makes it possible to analyze effectively the magnetic fields. The authors introduce a method to estimate the effective permeability of the homogenized substance. This method can be applied to any periodic structure made of magnetic substance. The magnetic shielding effects by the structures against direct‐current (DC) fields generated by electric railways are analyzed by using the present method. As a result, it is found that the overhead way and the protective fence near the railway work as a magnetic shield, whose effects can be improved by appropriate arrangement of those constructions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 7–15, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20310 相似文献
10.
大型水轮发电机组励磁变压器参数及绝缘方式的选择--由三峡机组励磁系统投运引起的思考 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
结合三峡机组励磁系统的调试及投运经验,对大型水电机组静止自励系统选型中存在的一些关键性技术课题进行分析与论证,期望得出的结论有助于在大型水轮发电机组励磁系统参数选择和在提高机组运行安全、可靠性方面提供有益的借鉴。文中提出的励磁系统设计新理念仅代表个人的观点。 相似文献