Structure,Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth

This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.     

煤粉旋流燃烧器掺混系数的研究与分析

以往作为衡量旋流燃烧器稳燃性能的指标通常有回流区的尺寸(长度和宽度)、回流量、煤粉浓度等参数,而对煤粉气流在炉内与回流区高温流体混合的早晚及混合强度未曾提及。该文提出了掺混系数这一新概念,用以衡量煤粉与高温回流烟气之间掺混速度和掺混强度。应用数值模拟的方法得到扩流锥稳燃器、花瓣稳燃器和普通旋流燃烧器及花瓣燃烧器的流场,并对其掺混系数进行了分析与研究。同时给出了花瓣燃烧器和普通燃烧器在燃烧贫煤时55%负荷下的温度分布。研究得出掺混系数可以很好地反应回流区边界上的掺混程度,为旋流燃烧器的设计提供了新的依据。     

蒲公英花黄色素的提取及性能研究

从野生蒲公英花中提取的黄色素是一种安全、无毒、并具有一定营养价值的天然色素。本文研究了它的提取方法、性质以及几种常用食品添加剂对蒲公英仡黄色素稳定性的影响，为蒲公英花黄色素的开发、利用提供了一定的科学依据。     

Transcriptomic Analysis Suggests Auxin Regulation in Dorsal-Ventral Petal Asymmetry of Wild Progenitor Sinningia speciosa

The establishment of dorsal–ventral (DV) petal asymmetry is accompanied by differential growth of DV petal size, shape, and color differences, which enhance ornamental values. Genes involved in flower symmetry in Sinningia speciosa have been identified as CYCLOIDEA (SsCYC), but which gene regulatory network (GRN) is associated with SsCYC to establish DV petal asymmetry is still unknown. To uncover the GRN of DV petal asymmetry, we identified 630 DV differentially expressed genes (DV-DEGs) from the RNA-Seq of dorsal and ventral petals in the wild progenitor, S. speciosa ‘ES’. Validated by qRT-PCR, genes in the auxin signaling transduction pathway, SsCYC, and a major regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis were upregulated in dorsal petals. These genes correlated with a higher endogenous auxin level in dorsal petals, with longer tube length growth through cell expansion and a purple dorsal color. Over-expression of SsCYC in Nicotiana reduced petal size by regulating cell growth, suggesting that SsCYC also controls cell expansion. This suggests that auxin and SsCYC both regulate DV petal asymmetry. Transiently over-expressed SsCYC, however, could not activate most major auxin signaling genes, suggesting that SsCYC may not trigger auxin regulation. Whether auxin can activate SsCYC or whether they act independently to regulate DV petal asymmetry remains to be explored in the future.     

关于梅花触头的设计要领

介绍电接触设计过程中一些需要注意的事项，以弹簧箍紧、铣瓣触指组成的梅花触头为例，针对触指箍紧弹簧的位置；触指后端安装绝缘垫；铣瓣指内圆与独头外圆尺寸的差别以及铣瓣触指是否可以打乱使用等情况进行分析，提出降低触指接触电阻的办法。     

M序列自相关函数最大旁瓣的概率分布

M序列数量庞大，十分适合作为CDMA全球通信的地址码。但是其相关特性的多值性是将其广泛应用的主要障碍。目前尚无计算其自相关函数的一般公式，一般是根据系统要求，优选相关特性符合指标的码字或码组，这就必须掌握M序列相关峰的概率分布以预测优选集的数量。文中用计算机搜索法构造大量不同周期M序列样本，运用统计学方法加以分析，指出M序列的自相关函数最大旁瓣的概率分布类似莱斯分布，对M序列的优选有指导性意义。     

花瓣形翅片管的强化传热研究概况

综述了花瓣形翅片管在低表面张力介质及其混合物中的冷凝强化传热、含不凝性气体水蒸气的冷凝强化传热以及空气和油的冷却强化传热等方面的研究概况、进展、成果及其工业应用前景。     

新型玫瑰酱加工工艺研究

以法国紫红袍电叠玫瑰鲜花花瓣为原料,主要研究了玫 瑰酱的加工工艺,并采用正交实验设计得出了玫瑰酱的 三种最佳配方为:a玫瑰花瓣50g,白砂糖120g,柠檬酸 0.35％,果胶0.6％,纯净水150mL;b玫瑰花瓣50g,白砂糖 120g,柠檬酸0.35％,果胶0.6％,玫瑰水30mL.纯净水 120mL;c.玫瑰花瓣50g,白砂糖120g,柠檬酸0.35％,果胶 0.6％,纯净水150mL(或玫瑰水30mL,纯净水120mL),食 盐2.5g。     

红檵木花色素TLC分离与定性研究

通过对红檵木花色素的硅胶H和硅胶G薄板层析（TLC）分离研究，得到其TLC最佳层层剂（体积比）是：水：乙醇：正丁醇：乙酸乙酯=12：8：24：36。以最佳展层剂展开花中的色素，得到颜色及相应R＋值完全一致的7个色斑，反映该花色素含七种色素单体成分。对色素母液和各色素单体成分样液的200-800nm扫描测定表明，色素母液的紫外特征吸收峰是277nm，各单体成分的特征吸吸收峰分别为：272、278、277、270、273、274、271nm，推论认为277nm单体成分（成分③）在花中含量最大。结合色素母液及色素单体样液的甲醇和乙醇样液扫描分析与花青素、黄酮类及蒽醌类特征显色反应研究结果，基本确认红檵木花中的色素主要成分属二氢黄酮醇类。     

Flexible Transparent Hierarchical Nanomesh for Rose Petal‐Like Droplet Manipulation and Lossless Transfer

Precise manipulation of water is a key step in numerous natural and synthetic processes. Here, a new flexible and transparent hierarchical structure is determined that allows ultra‐dexterous manipulation and lossless transfer of water droplets. A 3D nanomesh is fabricated in one step by scalable electrospinning of low‐cost polystyrene solutions. Optimal structures are composed of a mesh of dense nanofiber layers vertically separated by isolated mesoporous microbeads. This results in a highly adhesive superhydrophobic wetting that perfectly mimics rose petal‐like structures. Structural–functional correlations are obtained over all key process parameters enabling robust tailoring of the wetting properties from hydrophilic to lotus‐like Cassie‐Baxter and rose‐like Cassie‐impregnating states. A mechanistic model of the droplet adhesion and release dynamics is obtained alongside the first demonstration of a mechanically induced transfer of microdroplets between two superhydrophobic coatings. This low‐temperature reaction‐free material structure demonstrates a facile means to fabricate impenetrable residue‐less rose petal‐like surfaces with superhydrophobic contact angles of 152 ± 2° and effective adhesion strength of 113 ± 20 μN. This is a significant step toward parallel, multistep droplet manipulation with applications ranging from flexible on‐paper devices to microfluidics and portable/wearable biosensors.