EPS系统的QoS机制

为了适应未来10年移动通信技术的发展，给用户不断增强的数据业务需求提供更好支持，3GPP组织启动了长期演进计划（LTE）与系统框架演进（SAE）研究项目。针对未来数据业务具有高速、突发性的特征，演进的分组系统（EPS）对服务质量（QoS）机制进行了诸多改进与增强，通过引入默认承载、聚合资源调度等概念，真正实现了用户的“永远在线”，提高了业务的数据速率，进而最终提升了用户体验。同时，针对未来UTRAN与E-UTRAN网络之间的互操作场景，设计了EPS的QoS等级标识（QCI）参数与通用移动通信系统（UMTS）QoS参数之间的合理映射。     

UMTS及EPC网络QoS机制的研究

随着社会的发展,用户对业务质量的需求也日益提高,为此3GPP组织加强了对QoS的研究,在UMTS阶段引入了端到端QoS机制,并在LTE阶段对QoS机制进行了扩展和增强,目前QoS的研究是3GPP研究的一个热点。本文对3GPP移动通信网QoS演进进行了介绍,分析了UMTS和EPC网络的QoS实现机制,并对两种QoS实现机制进行了分析。     

新型厌氧反应器+厌氧MBR处理乳品废水的实验研究

开发了新型复合式厌氧工艺,它由新型厌氧反应器和厌氧膜生物反应器(MBR)两个单元组成,实验用水经过新型厌氧反应器的前处理再经过厌氧MBR的深度处理,检测后排放。实验中以人工配制乳品废水作为进水,对整套系统的运行状况及特性进行了分析,结果表明,人工配置乳品废水在经过新型厌氧反应器+厌氧MBR的系统处理作用后出水水质得到大幅度改善,系统运行稳定,处理效果较好。实验通过对两种废水处理工艺进行效益对比,得出新型厌氧反应器+厌氧MBR无论在经济效益方面还是在社会环境效益方面,都具有一定的竞争优势。     

运行模式对AMBR处理高浓度污水的影响

采用AMBR处理模拟高浓度污水(COD =3 000 mg/L),分别采用“8+4”、“7+5”、“9+3”3种进水模式,每种进水模式下均设置3种水力停留时间(24、16、12 h),考察不同运行模式对AMBR处理效果的影响.结果表明,当进水模式为“8+4”、水力停留时间为24 h时,AMBR对污水的处理效果最好,对COD的平均去除率为88％,出水SS平均为0.15 mg/L,出水pH值在7.0左右.在“9+3”进水模式下,反应器两端格室没有足够的缓冲时间来降解有机物;在“7+5”进水模式下,缓冲阶段大量有机质进入中间格室,导致后面格室的处理负荷增大.     

LTE/SAE系统中EPS承载的研究与设计

对默认承载、专用承载和聚合资源调度进行了详细介绍,并研究了ESM子层对EPS承载的控制,设计出了满足LTE/SAE系统QoS机制的EPS承载。     

LTE/SAE系统中EPS承载的研究与设计

为了更好地保证端到端的QoS机制,为用户提供差异化服务,LTE/SAE系统采用了EPS承载进行IP分组包的传输。通过对默认承载、专用承载、聚合资源调度、EPS承载架构等概念进行介绍,设计了满足LTE/SAE系统QoS机制的EPS承载。本方案对EPS承载的具体设计中在保证有效传输IP分组包的基础上缩短了会话建立时延,保证了QoS参数的有效映射。针对未来数据业务具有高速、突发性的特征,这种基于EPS承载传输IP分组包的应用,真正实现了用户的＂永远在线＂,提高了业务的数据速率。     

Effect of increasing nitrobenzene loading rates on the performance of anaerobic migrating blanket reactor and sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor/completely stirred tank reactor system

A laboratory scale anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) reactor was operated at nitrobenzene (NB) loading rates increasing from 3.33 to 66.67 g NB/m³ day and at a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 days to observe the effects of increasing NB concentrations on chemical oxygen demand (COD), NB removal efficiencies, bicarbonate alkalinity, volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation and methane gas percentage. Moreover, the effect of an aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) reactor, following the anaerobic reactor, on treatment efficiencies was also investigated. Approximately 91–94% COD removal efficiencies were observed up to a NB loading rate of 30.00 g/m³ day in the AMBR reactor. The COD removal efficiencies decreased from 91% to 85% at a NB loading rate of 66.67 g/m³ day. NB removal efficiencies were approximately 100% at all NB loading rates. The maximum total gas, methane gas productions and methane percentage were found to be 4.1, 2.6 l/day and 59%, respectively, at a NB loading rate of 30.00 g/m³ day. The optimum pH values were found to be between 7.2 and 8.4 for maximum methanogenesis. The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations in the effluent were 110 and 70 mg/l in the first and second compartments at NB loading rates as high as 66.67 and 6.67 g/m³ day, respectively, while they were measured as zero in the effluent of the AMBR reactor. In this study, from 180 mg/l NB 66 mg/l aniline was produced in the anaerobic reactor while aniline was completely removed and transformed to 2 mg/l of cathechol in the aerobic CSTR reactor. Overall COD removal efficiencies were found to be 95% and 99% for NB loading rates of 3.33 and 66.67 g/m³ day in the sequential anaerobic AMBR/aerobic CSTR reactor system, respectively. The toxicity tests performed with Photobacterium phosphoreum (LCK 480, LUMIStox) and Daphnia magna showed that the toxicity decreased with anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor system from the influent, anaerobic and to aerobic effluents.     

Application of acidogenic fixed-bed reactor prior to anaerobic membrane bioreactor for sustainable slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

High rate anaerobic treatment systems such as anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AMBR) are less popular for slaughterhouse wastewater due to the presence of high fat oil and suspended matters in the effluent. This affects the performance and efficiency of the treatment system. In this work, AMBR has been tried for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. After the start up period, the reactor was operated with an average organic loading rate (OLR) of 4.37 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹ with gradual increase to an average of 13.27 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹. At stable conditions, the treatment efficiency was high with an average COD and BOD₅ reduction of 93.7 and 93.96%, respectively. However, a reduction in the AMBR performance was shown with the increase of the OLR to 16.32 kg TCOD m⁻³ d⁻¹. The removal efficiencies of SCOD and BOD₅ were drastically decreased to below 53.6 and 73.3%, respectively. The decrease of the AMBR performance was due to the accumulation of VFAs. Thus, a new integrated system composed of a FBR for the acidogenesis step followed by the AMBR for methanogenesis step was developed. At high ORL, the integrated system improved the performance of the anaerobic digestion and it successfully overcame the VFA accumulation problem in the AMBR. The anaerobic treatment led to a total removal of all tested pathogens. Thus, the microbiological quality of treated wastewater fits largely with WHO guidelines.     

LTE系统中用户平面承载的研究与实现

LTE系统取消了QoS协商机制,采用网络端承载控制模式.用户平面引入EPS承载进行IP分组包的传输.研究并设计出满足LTE系统QoS机制的EPS承载,针对未来数据业务具有高速、突发性的特征,基于EPS承载传输IP分组包的应用,真正实现了用户的"永远在线",提高了业务的数据速率.