Comparing Homeowner Societies: Can we Construct an East-West Model?

Distinguishable patterns of mass homeownership have emerged across industrialised societies in recent decades, and have become increasingly central in comparative analyses of housing systems. This paper examines the nature of differences and similarities within and between two particular groups of societies where owner occupation dominates housing demand and policy systems, one constituted of English-speaking, Anglo-Saxon societies, and another of East Asian societies. The paper considers the potential of forming loose models based on core divergences in terms of systems, regimes and socio-ideological relationships. The aim is to further illustrate interactions between housing systems and welfare regimes in international contexts. Comparisons of housing and welfare elements are broadly related between societies, rather than quantitatively isolated, as systems are substantially variegated across the East Asian region. However, a loose system-model provides considerable insight into convergence within the group in regards to how housing systems have served a minimal social-welfare regime type.     

亚洲石化工业概况

概述了亚洲石化工业的现状和发展前景，对２０００年前亚洲地区烯烃和芳烃等基础石化品的生产、供需进行了分析和预测，并对亚洲各国石化品现有生产能力和发展计划进行了详细的报道。     

Effects of hydrological changes on cooperation in transnational catchments: the case of the Syr Darya

Water allocation along the Syr Darya River may be affected by climate change. Here we statistically model cooperation strategies, country profits, and sensitivity of cooperation, showing that the hydrological regime affects transboundary cooperation. Climate change in the twenty-first century may reduce glacial cover, and reducing stream flows, decreasing chances of cooperation and potentially raising conflicts. Comparison with other transboundary catchments in Central Asia indicates moderate-to-high risk of conflicts for the Syr Darya. A template is provided for assessment of the stability of cooperation in the Syr Darya basin, and in catchments similarly dependent on water availability.     

中亚瓦赫什河上游源区气候水文要素演变特征

为研究全球变化背景下中亚河流源区气候水文变化,基于中亚跨境河流瓦赫什河上游源区1955—2017年气象水文数据,分析了流域内气候水文要素演变特征及流量变化主要控制因子。结果表明:瓦赫什河上游源区近1955—2017年气候呈现暖湿化趋势;瓦赫什河上游源区气温在1994年发生突变现象,降水在2007年与2012年发生突变现象,流量则在2003年发生突变现象;小波分析显示瓦赫什河上游流域气温、降水、流量的第一主周期分别为28 a、20 a、28 a,周期性振荡明显;瓦赫什河上游源区在气候水文要素关联上,气温与流量变化相较于降水紧密,但受全球升温停滞影响,温度对于流量作用并没有持续增强。     

Transboundary water cooperation on the Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra – a legal analysis of riparian state practice

The Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra, shared by China, India, Bhutan and Bangladesh, lacks a comprehensive legal framework. Following an overview of the basin, the paper analyses state and treaty practice through a legal lens, comparing the riparian state positions, based on their approaches to sovereignty. Finding fragmented transboundary water cooperation across the basin, two possible approaches that might help are explored. Taking inspiration from the hydropower projects on parts of the watercourse, and from existing multilateral environmental agreements, it is queried whether future cooperation might be fostered through legal arrangements for joint exploitation, or through joint protection under multilateral environmental agreements.     

中亚砂岩型铀矿成矿特征及其在我国的找矿思路

介绍了前苏联发明创造地浸法采铀后，中亚砂岩型铀矿一跃成为具有世界级铀成矿域和铀矿工业类型的地区。其铀储量达百万吨之巨；论述了中亚砂岩型铀矿是地台活化区次造山带层状氧化带成矿。并简要论述其区域成矿特征，最后提出了在我国开展砂岩型铀矿的找矿思路。     

Response of seasonal vegetation development to climatic variations in eastern central Asia

Meteorological records show that central Asia has experienced one of the strongest warming signals in the world over the last 30 years. The objective of this study was to examine the seasonal vegetation response to the recent climatic variation on the Mongolian steppes, the third largest grassland in the world. The onset date of green-up for central Asia was estimated using time-series analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) biweekly composite data collected between January 1982 and December 1991. Monthly precipitation and mean temperature data (1982-1990) were acquired from 19 meteorological stations throughout the grasslands of the eastern Mongolian steppes in China. Our results showed that while the taiga forest north of the Mongolian steppes (>50°N) experienced an earlier onset of green-up during the study period, a later onset was observed at the eastern and northern edges of the Gobi Desert (40°N-50°N). Responses of different vegetation types to climatic variability appeared to vary with vegetation characteristics and spring soil moisture availability of specific sites. Plant stress caused by drought was the most significant contributor to later vegetation green-up as observed from satellite imagery over the desert steppe. Areas with greater seasonal soil moisture greened up earlier in the growing season. Our results suggested that water budget limitations determine the pattern of vegetation responses to atmospheric warming.     

Sensitivity of vegetation indices to atmospheric aerosols: continental-scale observations in Northern Asia

Satellite observations play an important role in characterization of the interannual variation of vegetation. Here, we report anomalies of two vegetation indices for Northern Asia (40°N-75°N, and 45°E-179°E), using images from the SPOT-4 VEGETATION (VGT) sensor over the period of April 1, 1998 to November 20, 2001. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which are correlated to a number of vegetation properties (e.g., net primary production, leaf area index), were compared. The results show that there is a large disagreement between NDVI and EVI anomalies in 1998 and 1999 for Northern Asia. The NDVI anomaly in 1998 was largely affected by atmospheric contamination, predominantly aerosols from extensive forest fires in that year. The EVI anomaly in 1998 was less sensitive to residual atmospheric contamination, as it is designed to be, and thus EVI is a useful alternative vegetation index for the large-scale study of vegetation. The EVI anomaly also suggests that potential vegetation productivity in Northern Asia was highest in 1998 but declined substantially in 2001, consistent with precipitation data from 1998-2001.     

Solar-assisted single-double-effect absorption chiller for use in Asian tropical climates

Solar energy is accessible throughout the year in tropical regions. The latest development of absorption chillers has demonstrated that these systems are suitable for effective use of solar energy. The utilisation of solar energy for heat-driven cooling systems has significant advantages. Without a doubt, solar energy represents a clean energy source that is available without any additional fuel cost, and that can be proportionally accessible when the cooling load increases during the middle hours of the day. This study focuses on a single-double-effect absorption chiller machine that was installed in Indonesia. The system is driven by a dual-heat source that combines gas and solar energy. This system is characterised by simulating its performance in various conditions in terms of the cooling water (28–34 °C) and the hot water (75–90 °C) inlet temperatures. The reference operating condition of this system is 239 kW of cooling capacity. The mathematical model is validated and shows a good agreement with experimental data. In the operative range considered, simulation results yield a coefficient of performance between 1.4 and 3.3, and a gas reduction ratio from 7 to 58% when compared to a double-effect absorption chiller driven by gas. Based on the simulation results, this system is expected to have a good potential for widespread use in tropical Asia regions.     

草原石林：东北亚早白垩世花岗岩伸展穹隆和岩浆成矿爆发的地质遗迹及其形成过程

东北亚地区至少发育9个大型草原石林,属花岗岩石林的一种,是东北亚早白垩世巨量伸展和第四系冰川、风化作用的共同产物,主要特点是发育密集的近水平节理。本文通过整理岩浆岩专题填图和构造研究发现,这些石林的主体是早白垩世东北亚地区巨量伸展过程中形成众多的不对称花岗岩穹隆或同减薄岩体,岩体边部发育韧性剪切带,核部发布近水平岩浆流动面理,伸展和岩浆多期侵位导致与成矿密切相关的岩浆热液大量上涌,岩体抬升至地表,沿岩浆面理发育密集的近水平节理和部分垂直节理,后期沿这些构造面理发生的物理风化和化学作用(包括风蚀、冰川以及盐风化等)造就了千奇百怪的形态。草原石林是花岗岩地貌中的“另类”,不仅具有指示东北亚地区花岗岩形成时代(早白垩世)的特点,也是寻找晚中生代中国北方大规模成矿的良好标志体,而且风化形成的千姿百态的景色极具观赏价值,可以作为整个蒙古草原地区和大兴安岭南段地区特色的地学科普和生态旅游资源。