Model repair — aligning process models to reality

Process mining techniques relate observed behavior (i.e., event logs) to modeled behavior (e.g., a BPMN model or a Petri net). Process models can be discovered from event logs and conformance checking techniques can be used to detect and diagnose differences between observed and modeled behavior. Existing process mining techniques can only uncover these differences, but the actual repair of the model is left to the user and is not supported. In this paper we investigate the problem of repairing a process model w.r.t. a log such that the resulting model can replay the log (i.e., conforms to it) and is as similar as possible to the original model. To solve the problem, we use an existing conformance checker that aligns the runs of the given process model to the traces in the log. Based on this information, we decompose the log into several sublogs of non-fitting subtraces. For each sublog, either a loop is discovered that can replay the sublog or a subprocess is derived that is then added to the original model at the appropriate location. The approach is implemented in the process mining toolkit ProM and has been validated on logs and models from several Dutch municipalities.     

ATM协议的测试研究及其应用

协议一致性测试和互操作性测试是保证不同厂商的ＡＴＭ产品和服务实现完全的互通的重要技术手段，本文分析了ＡＴＭ协议的测试需求，提出了适合的测试结构和测试描述技术，并结合适配层协议ＣＰＡＡＬ５讨论了协议集成测试系统ＰＴＴＳ在ＡＴＭ协议测试中的应用。     

FODA — the formal specification of ODA document structures and its use as a basis for conformance testing

The Office Document Architecture (ODA) is an International Standard which is developed by TC 97/sc 18 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in close collaboration with CCITT's Study Group VIII and with ECMA. This paper describes the current state of a formal specification of the ODA document structures by mathematical means and its use for conformance specification and conformance testing.     

Exploring alternatives for transition verification

When an implementation under test (IUT) is state-based, and its expected abstract behavior is given in terms of a finite state machine (FSM), a checking sequence generated from a specification FSM and applied to an IUT for testing can provide us with high-level confidence in the correct functional behavior of our implementation. One of the issues here is to generate efficient checking sequences in terms of their lengths. As a major characteristics, a checking sequence must contain all β-sequences for transition verification. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of reducing the lengths of checking sequences by making use of the invertible transitions in the specification FSM to increase the choice of β-sequences to be considered for checking sequence generation. We present a sufficient condition for adopting alternative β-sequences and illustrate typical ways of incorporating these alternative β-sequences into existing methods for checking sequence generation to reduce the lengths. Compared to the direct use of three existing methods, our experiments show that most of the time the saving gained by adopting alternative β-sequences falls in the range of 10–40%.     

Coverage-guided test generation for continuous and hybrid systems

In this paper, we describe a formal framework for conformance testing of continuous and hybrid systems, using the international standard ‘Formal Methods in Conformance Testing’ FMCT. We propose a novel test coverage measure for these systems, which is defined using the star discrepancy notion. This coverage measure is used to quantify the validation ‘completeness’. It is also used to guide input stimulus generation by identifying the portions of the system behaviors that are not adequately examined. We then propose a test generation method, which is based on a robotic motion planning algorithm and is guided by the coverage measure. This method was implemented in a prototype tool that can handle high dimensional systems (up to 100 dimensions).     

Conformance Tests for Real-Time Systems with Timed Automata Specifications

A method is introduced for testing the conformance of implemented real-time systems to timed automata specifications. Uppaal timed automata are transformed into testable timed transition systems (TTTSs) using a test view. Fault hypotheses and a test generation algorithm for TTTSs are defined. Results of applying the method are presented. Received October 1999 / Accepted in revised form November 2000     

Bluetooth协议栈一致性测试

Bluetooth协议栈实现的一致性测试是保证不同厂商产品之间互连与互操作的基础。文章基于OSI协议一致性测试标准进行了Bluetooth协议一致性测试研究和实际测试,并以L2CAP层协议为例介绍了一致性测试的方法、结构、测试集的设计生成与完备性分析。     

Process diagnostics using trace alignment: Opportunities, issues, and challenges

Business processes leave trails in a variety of data sources (e.g., audit trails, databases, and transaction logs). Hence, every process instance can be described by a trace, i.e., a sequence of events. Process mining techniques are able to extract knowledge from such traces and provide a welcome extension to the repertoire of business process analysis techniques. Recently, process mining techniques have been adopted in various commercial BPM systems (e.g., BPM|one, Futura Reflect, ARIS PPM, Fujitsu Interstage, Businesscape, Iontas PDF, and QPR PA). Unfortunately, traditional process discovery algorithms have problems dealing with less structured processes. The resulting models are difficult to comprehend or even misleading. Therefore, we propose a new approach based on trace alignment. The goal is to align traces in such a way that event logs can be explored easily. Trace alignment can be used to explore the process in the early stages of analysis and to answer specific questions in later stages of analysis. Hence, it complements existing process mining techniques focusing on discovery and conformance checking. The proposed techniques have been implemented as plugins in the ProM framework. We report the results of trace alignment on one synthetic and two real-life event logs, and show that trace alignment has significant promise in process diagnostic efforts.     

会话层／表示层协议一致性测试的研究与实现

会话层／表示层协议是ＯＳＩ高层协议的一部分。本文介绍协议一致性测试研究现状、测试过程及方法，分析会话层／表示层协议一致性测试需求，采用树表格式（ＴＴＣＮ）与抽向语法表示（ＡＳＮ，１）相结合的形式化描述语言，设计实现了会话层／表示层协议一致性测试系统及测试集。并对ＩＳＯＤＥ软件中的会话层／表示层协议实现进行了一致性测试，包括基本互连、能力、有效行为、无效行为及定向诊断等。     

EPA协议一致性测试方法研究

研究了EPA协议一致性测试原理、静态测试与动态测试方法及其实现技术；参照TFCN的结构框架定义了一种描述EPA抽象测试集的类形式化语言，提出了EPA协议实现一致性说明和协议实施附加信息的生成方法；研发了一种EPA协议一致性测试的方法，并以变量写服务的测试为例，说明了EPA协议一致性测试系统的测试过程。通过EPA一致性测试系统的实际应用，证明这种测试方法能够准确测试出被测协议实现与标准的一致程度。