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2.
Donald C. Pierson Susanne Kratzer Bertil Håkansson 《Remote sensing of environment》2008,112(3):668-680
The vertical attenuation coefficient of diffuse downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (Kd 490) is a parameter that we routinely derive from SeaWiFS images of the Baltic Sea. Here, through model simulations, we examine the relationship between Kd(490), and the vertical attenuation coefficient of PAR (Kd PAR), as this later coefficient determines the light available for aquatic photosynthesis. A simple semi-analytical model is used to predict Kd(490) and Kd(PAR), as a function of the concentrations of chlorophyll, colored dissolved organic material (CDOM), suspended inorganic, and suspended organic particulate material. A series of model simulations based on variations in these optically significant constituents over a range realistic for the Baltic Sea, are used to define the relationship between the two attenuation coefficients.
Kd(PAR)=0.6677Kd0.6763(490). 相似文献
3.
This paper presents a model to calculate depth-resolved marine photochemical fluxes from remotely sensed ocean color and modeled solar irradiance. The basic approach uses three components: 1) below-sea-surface spectral downward scalar irradiance calculated from a radiative transfer model (STAR) and corrected for clouds using TOMS UV reflectivities; 2) surface-ocean spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients and absorption coefficients for chromophoric dissolved organic matter retrieved from SeaWiFS ocean color using the SeaUV/SeaUVc algorithms; and (3) spectral apparent quantum yield for the photochemical reaction considered. The output of the model is a photochemical rate profile, ΨPR(z), where z represents depth.We implemented the model for carbon monoxide (CO) photochemistry using an average apparent quantum yield spectrum and generated a monthly climatology of depth-resolved CO photoproduction rates in the global ocean. The climatology was used to compute global budgets and investigate the spatial and seasonal variabilities of CO photoproduction in the ocean. The model predicts a global CO photoproduction rate of about 41 TgC yr− 1, in good agreement with other recent published estimates ranging from 30 to 84 TgC yr− 1. The fate of photochemically derived CO and its role in global biogeochemical cycles remains uncertain however, with biological consumption and sea-air exchange competing for its removal in the surface ocean. Knowledge of the vertical distribution of CO photoproduction is critical in the quantification of the relative magnitudes of these sink mechanisms. The depth-resolution capabilities of this model, together with US Naval Research Laboratory climatology for mixed layer depths allowed further estimation that > 95% of the total water-column CO photoproduction occurs within the mixed layer on a global, yearly basis. Despite this compelling figure, the model also suggests significant spatio-temporal variability in the vertical distribution of CO photoproduction in the subtropical gyres, where up to 40% of water-column CO can be produced below the mixed layer during summertime.While the approach can be applied to other photochemical fluxes (e.g. DIC formation or DMS removal), accurate quantification of such processes with remote sensing will be limited until the mechanisms regulating observed oceanic variability in the apparent quantum yields are better understood. Minor modification to this model can also make it applicable for the determination of the effects of UV and visible solar radiation on sensitive biological systems. 相似文献
4.
利用光强的可叠加性,本文提出了将光场分解为不随场景变化的子光场的思想,使得物体、光源、观察点都可自由变动的动态场景绘制也能利用基于图象的绘制技术之优势。依靠漫反射与观察方向的无关性,本文还提出了漫反射光场的四维表示法,并且利用物体对不同点光源的漫反射之间以及环境光与漫反射光之间的内在联系,只用一个单位强度的单色点光源为物体构造漫反射光场,从而节省了存储空间和预处理时间。利用其数据结构的一致性,环境光场、漫反射光场和深度场中对应点的数据被合并成5维矢量以便更有效地压缩。本文给出的绘制算法,能准确地计算出物体的颜色和场景中阴影的变化等动态场景的典型特征,从而为在低档计算机实现动态场景的实时绘制提供了理论和技术依据。 相似文献
5.
Using the data for global and diffuse radiation in Tainan, Taiwan, for the years of 2011 and 2012, respectively, four correlation models with five predictors: the hourly clearness index (kt), solar altitude, apparent solar time, daily clearness index and a measure of persistence of global radiation level, are constructed to relate the hourly diffuse fraction on a horizontal surface (d) to the clearness index. Two models use a single logistic equation for all kt values, Eqs. (6), (7), and the other two models use a set of piece-wise linear equations for four kt intervals, Eqs. (8), (9). The proposed models are compared respectively with the fourteen models available in the literature, in terms of the four statistical indicators: the mean bias error, the root-mean-square error, the t-statistic and the Bayesian Information Criterion, using the out-of-sample dataset for Tainan, Taiwan. It is concluded from the analysis that the proposed piece-wise linear models perform well in predicting the diffuse fraction, while the performances of the proposed logistic models are more case-dependent. Among those fourteen models considered in this study, the models developed by Erbs et al., Chandrasekaran and Kumar, and Boland et al. have competitive performances as the proposed piece-wise linear models do, when applying to the prediction of diffuse fraction in Tainan, Taiwan. 相似文献
6.
A practical computing algorithm has been developed for calculating the reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) from the molecular beam epitaxy growing surface. The calculations are based on the use of the dynamical diffraction theory in which the electrons are taken to be diffracted by a potential, which is periodic in the dimension perpendicular to the surface. The computer program presented in this paper enables calculations for three basic types of diffuse potential for crystalline heteroepitaxial structures, including the possible existence of various diffuse scattering models through the layer parallel to the surface. 相似文献
7.
《Carbon》2014
Four commercial activated carbons with different chemical and textural characteristics were modified by gamma irradiation under five different conditions: irradiated in absence of water, in presence of ultrapure water, in ultrapure water at pH = 1.0 and 1000 mg L−1 Cl−, in ultrapure water at pH = 7.5 and 1000 mg L−1 Br−, and in ultrapure water at pH = 12.5 and 1000 mg L−1 NO3−. Changes in surface chemistry were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; pH of point of zero charge, total acidic groups and total basic groups, which were determined by assessment with HCl and NaOH; and textural changes were determined by obtaining the corresponding adsorption isotherms of N2 and CO2. Outcomes show that the activated carbon surface chemistry can be modified by gamma irradiation and that the changes depend on the irradiation conditions. Modifications in the sp2 hybridization of the surface carbons suggest that the irradiated carbons undergo graphitization. Measurements of structural parameters indicate that the irradiation treatment does not modify the textural properties of the carbons. Finally, studies of pristine and irradiated activated carbons using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with the Kubelka–Munk function revealed a reduction in band gap energy in the irradiated carbons associated with an increase in sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms. 相似文献
8.
应用Monte Carlo法原理,利用区间【0,1】上均匀分布的随机变量产生的均匀照度光源模型及光在积分球内表面的漫反射模型,用Matlab编程,对一积分球出口平面处及距出口100mm以内的10个平面上的辐射能量和辐照度进行了计算机模拟。模型共追迹了100000个光子,结果显示,随着传播距离的增大,辐射总能量不断衰减,小于积分球出口直径时辐照度的均匀性先减小然后又逐渐增强,大于积分球出口直径时辐照度的均匀性不断增强。整个平面上的辐照度随传播距离的增大逐渐趋于均匀。具有一定照度大小的大面积均匀辐射场只能在适当位置处获得。 相似文献
9.
García-Pintado J Martínez-Mena M Barberá GG Albaladejo J Castillo VM 《The Science of the total environment》2007,373(1):220-239
The Mar Menor is a coastal lagoon increasingly threatened by urban and agricultural pressures. The main watercourse draining into the lagoon is the Rambla del Albujón. A fortnightly campaign carried out over one annual cycle enabled us to characterize the treated urban sewage effluents and agricultural sources which contribute to the nutrient fluxes in the watercourse. Multivariate analysis provided information for establishing chemical signatures and for assessing the relative influence of the various sources on the water quality at the outlet. Mass balances were used to examine net gains and losses, and cross-correlations with rainfall to analyze climatic influence and control factors in the trends of the nutrient flux. The rainfall pattern was significantly cross-correlated with nitrate and phosphorus fluxes from agricultural sources, while fluctuations in the resident population explained the phosphorus flux trend in urban sources. 50% of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was from agricultural sources, while 70% of total phosphate and 91% of total organic carbon were from urban point sources. The net amounts of all the nutrients fell as a result of plant uptake and/or denitrification in the channel. The control of urban point sources (phosphorus-enriched) is suggested as a promptly action for improving the health of the coastal lagoon. 相似文献
10.