欧盟对农药的重新评定与我国除草剂品种发展

评述了欧盟评定的农药名单中禁用的除草剂品种及我国今后除草剂的开发与使用。     

Europe should stop taxing innovation

After nearly 48 years of failure to create the EU patent, language issues and the design of a centralised patent-litigation court still dominate headlines. But behind these issues there are high financial stakes and control power to play for. The recent EU Council deal on an ‘enhanced’ European patent system does not solve the above problems, and has not eliminated lingering governance issues. The risk for Europe is that a final patent agreement might be reached that does not cure the system of its major ills, and thus does not bring about any significant improvement for those that need it most: entrepreneurs and innovative companies starting out on the innovation process. The creation of an effective single EU patent requires (i) English-only post-grant translation, (ii) the end of nationally granted patents, (iii) phasing-out of the current ‘European patent’, (iv) lower fees for young innovative companies, and (v) a radical shake-up of the governance of the European Patent Office.     

欧洲（EU）电信自由化和民营化的动向

欧盟的电信市场自１９９８年１月１日起完全放开，新制定的法律和内部竞争原则均是为了保证和推动电信自由化进程，其中，网间互联政策（包括互联规定、互联资费，管制原则以及号码携带问题）又是欧盟电信政策的核心。本文还介绍了欧洲各国电信民营化情况。     

Firm performance and employment in the EU emissions trading scheme: An empirical assessment for Germany

This paper empirically investigates the role of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for firm performance and employment in Germany. We provide an overview of relative allowance allocation within the EU ETS as well as an econometric analysis for a large sample of German firms covered by the scheme in order to assess the impacts of EU emissions regulation on both firm revenues and employment. The dataset indicates that the EU ETS was in an overall long position in 2005, although allowance allocation was very heterogeneous across member states. Our econometric analysis suggests that, within the first phase of the EU ETS, relative allowance allocation did not have a significant impact on firm performance and employment of regulated German firms.     

对欧盟压力设备指令97/23/EC中危险品分类的诠释

欧盟97/23/EC压力设备指令中压力设备的分类与介质危险性有关.按照97/23/EC,将爆炸性、易燃性、氧化性与毒性介质列为危险介质,本文根据97/23/EC以及67/548EEC等欧盟指令对压力设备中危险介质的分类及其定义,判据进行了阐明,对我国压力容器和压力管道中危险介质的划分及分类将有很大的参考价值.     

Growing trade of bioenergy in the EU: Public acceptability, policy harmonization, European standards and certification needs

Since 2000, the consumption of bioenergy in the European Union has grown, along with a concurrent growth in the trade of biomass for energy purposes (though traded volumes still remain small). Bioenergy production and trade will likely continue to increase into the future, driven by climate change concerns, emissions reduction targets, increasing concerns about domestic energy security and favourable policies. The harmonization of European standards and the development of certification systems are key issues to resolving potential negative effects of increased biomass trade. Certification systems not only address the issue of environmental sustainability from production to end-use, but also allow for product differentiation while adding value to sustainably produced products, which can ultimately enhance a competitive and sustainable bioenergy market. In addition to analyzing bioenergy trade growth in the European Union, a questionnaire survey of 92 bioenergy experts from eight member states within the European Union was conducted. Survey results show that bioenergy is highly accepted in the European Union but that there is a lack of European standards and policy harmonization, along with the absence of a competitive market or a certification system, all of which are necessary for sustainable production and trade of bioenergy. A large majority (63 percent) of the total respondents agreed that the certification of bioenergy is necessary to promote the sustainable use of biomass.     

Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of arsenic,cadmium and lead content in powdered infant formula by means of quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) can enter the food chain through the environment and/or as a consequence of the manufacturing process making foodstuffs the main human exposure route to these chemical elements. The risk associated with this exposure is of such a big concern for human health that the European Food Safety Agency recommends to reduce the exposure to Cd and Pb so as to protect especially vulnerable subgroups of population (e.g., infants). Therefore, the setting of new maximum levels (MLs) for chemical elements in infant formulae (e.g., for Cd) or the reconsideration of the existing ML for Pb is under discussion. On this basis, the availability of analytical methods, precise, accurate and sensitive enough to quantify low concentration values, is a key point especially for official control laboratories that have to state the sample compliance using a fully validated method with an associated uncertainty compliant with the requirements specified in the pertinent regulations. This work describes the development and validation of an analytical method to quantify As, Cd and Pb in powdered infant formulae based on animal protein at values of concentration close to the MLs that are likely to be set. The results obtained make the method suitable for a precise and accurate determination of these chemical elements at these low concentration values. In particular, the results for limit of quantification (LoQ) were respectively (μg kg⁻¹): As 6.2, Cd 1.2 and Pb 4.5. While for the recovery rates the following percentages were obtained: As 105%, Cd 98% and Pb 108%. The expanded uncertainties were found extremely satisfactory (Cd 13% and Pb 19%). The LoQ and the uncertainty for Pb meet the requirements set in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 333/2007 and following amendments being lower than the maximum values allowed. Even for Cd the expanded uncertainty resulted adequate in relation with the low concentration considered.     

Results of an European inter-laboratory comparison study on the determination of the 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid smoke condensates

A collaborative study on the determination of the 15 + 1 EU priority PAHs in Primary Smoke Condensate (PSC) investigating the performance profile of EU Member States’ laboratories and supporting the work carried out by the European Food Safety Authority on smoke flavourings was organised. Two spiked liquid smoke condensate materials were employed in this study. The results of 25 laboratories from across the European Union, using either high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection or gas chromatography with mass selective detection, were evaluated by application of robust statistics. The assessment of the data indicated broadened Gaussian distributions for all analytes. For benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene and 5-methylchrysene more than 80% of the respective reported values gave rise to a satisfactory score of |z| ? 2. For benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene 70–80%, for the remaining analytes less than 70%, and for dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 52% of the scores were satisfactory. No systematic differences could be detected between values reported by laboratories using methods based on HPLC and the values related to methods based on GC for most of the analytes, except for benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[c]fluorene. In both cases laboratories using GC based methods reported about 50% higher values than laboratories using HPLC based methods. The overview on all z-scores sorted by laboratory revealed broad distributions and/or laboratory biases for several laboratories. An assessment of the reported method performance parameters revealed that for the two regulated compounds, BaP and BaA, only two thirds of the reported data were in compliance with Regulation (EC) 627/2006. Overall the methods used in the participating laboratories were – with ample room for improvement – well on the way to comply with European legislation.