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1.
《Calphad》2021
A general flux equation for multicomponent diffusion in oxide melts is presented. An explicit method was developed to calculate the gradients of single-ion activities from those of oxides with the constraints of local equilibrium and electroneutrality. This resolves ambiguity in quantifying the thermochemical driving force for ionic diffusion. A model equation for multicomponent ionic diffusion was derived within the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics by de Groot and Mazur. The proposed model takes empirically measurable quantities as input variables, so the diffusion calculations are consistent with thermochemical data, as furnished by the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method, as well as ionic mobility measurements. Although the model is derived for oxides, it can be applied to diffusion in other concentrated liquid electrolytes, such as chloride and fluoride melts. Formulas for multicomponent ionic diffusion in various reference frames are presented with respect to mole fraction. 相似文献
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Solid oxide fuel cell is a promising energy conversion system which converts chemical energy into electrical energy directly. Electrolyte is the key component and determines the working temperature. In this paper,ceria and scandia co-doped zirconia electrolytes sintered from 1300 to 1550 ℃ were chosen as research objects. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the ceramic samples. The effects of grain size and grain boundary element segregation on the electrical conductivity were focused. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to calculate the bulk, grain boundary and specific grain boundary conductivity. Results show that the bulk and grain boundary ionic conductivity increases with the increasing grain size.However, the specific grain boundary conductivity decreases with the increasing grain size. This is explained by the fact that Sc~(3+) is segregated at the grain boundary, which leads to higher oxygen vacancy concentration when sintered at lower temperature. 相似文献
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We selected diphenyloctyl phosphate (DPOF) as a flame-retardant and plasticizer, and studied the influence of different amounts of the DPOF additive on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical cell performances of the additive-containing electrolytes in combination with a cell comprising an LiCoO2 cathode and mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode were tested in coin cells. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that the oxidation potential of the electrolyte containing DPOF in the concentration range from 10 to 30 wt.% is about 4.75-5.5 V versus Li/Li+. In the present work, a DPOF content of 10 wt.% in the 1.15 M LiPF6/EC:EMC (4:6 by vol.%) electrolyte turned out to be the optimum condition for the improvement of the electrochemical cell performance, due to the decrease of the irreversible capacity during the first cycle and decrease of the charge-transfer resistance after 40 cycles. 相似文献
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A specially designed electro-cross-flow nanofiltration (NF) membrane system was used for this investigation. To enhance the rejection of arsenic ionic species like H2AsO4−, a NF membrane having a negative surface charge was fabricated via the interfacial polymerization process. The membrane was characterized by SEM, AFM, surface charge density, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), total and skin thickness and pure water flux. The parameters that affected the rejections of As(III) and As(V) were studied; they included the initial arsenic concentration, the applied potential, pH of the feed, the cross-flow filtration pressure and the presence of different salts in the feed. Among those parameters, the pH of the feed greatly affected As(V) rejection; As(V) ([As(V)]o = 1000 ppb) rejection was increased from 72.3 to 98.5% when pH of the feed was changed from 3.0 to 10.0. This might be due to the fact that higher pH enhanced the formation of negative divalent anion like HAsO42− which should be rejected more effectively by the negative surface charge of the NF membrane. Beside the effect of the negative surface charge of the membrane, applied potential increased the As(V) rejection by 48.2% when the applied potential was increased from 0 to 2.0 V for a feed containing 1000 ppb initially. For the same change of applied potential rejection of As(III) was increased from 52.3 to 70.4%; this might be the result of the formation of anionic species like H2AsO3− from the neutral molecule of H3AsO3 by the applied potential. 相似文献
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J. H. Wu S. C. Hao Z. Lan J. M. Lin M. L. Huang Y. F. Huang L. Q. Fang S. Yin T. Sato 《Advanced functional materials》2007,17(15):2645-2652
Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are receiving considerable attention as low‐cost alternatives to conventional solar cells. In DSSCs based on liquid electrolytes, a photoelectric efficiency of 11 % has been achieved, but potential problems in sealing the cells and the low long‐term stability of these systems have impeded their practical use. Here, we present a thermoplastic gel electrolyte (TPGE) as an alternative to the liquid electrolytes used in DSSCs. The TPGE exhibits a thermoplastic character, high conductivity, long‐term stability, and can be prepared by a simple and convenient protocol. The viscosity, conductivity, and phase state of the TPGE can be controlled by tuning the composition. Using 40 wt % poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the polymeric host, 60 wt % propylene carbonate (PC) as the solvent, and 0.65 M KI and 0.065 M I2 as the ionic conductors, a TPGE with a conductivity of 2.61 mS cm–2 is prepared. Based on this TPGE, a DSSC is fabricated with an overall light‐to‐electrical‐energy conversion efficiency of 7.22 % under 100 mW cm–2 irradiation. The present findings should accelerate the widespread use of DSSCs. 相似文献
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The effect of addition of electrolytes on gas hold-up of air/water system was investigated experimentally in a laboratory scale bubble column. The experiments were carried out with four electrolytes, namely, NaCl, MgSO4·7H2O, Na2SO4 and CaCl2·2H2O and the concentrations of the solutions were varied from 0 to 0.3 mol/l. Enhancement of gas hold-up was observed for all four electrolytes at concentrations less than 0.1 mol/l. With the increase in concentration, the gas hold-up showed two different trends; in Na2SO4 and CaCl2·2H2O solutions, gas hold-up formed a sharp peak after the enhancement and leveled off at a value somewhat higher than that in water, whereas in NaCl and MgSO4·7H2O solutions, gas hold-up leveled off immediately after the enhancement without forming any peak. Experiments were also conducted to measure the surface tensions of the solutions with special focus in the low concentration region. A strong relation between the gas hold-up enhancement and the change of surface tension with the addition of electrolyte was found. It was also observed that the concentration at which maximum value of C(dσ/dC)2 i.e. (concentration × surface tension gradient with respect to concentration2) is obtained corresponds to the concentration at which maximum gas hold-up enhancement occurs. 相似文献