Structural changes in isothermal crystallization process of polyoxymethylene investigated by time-resolved FTIR, SAXS and WAXS measurements

Structural evolution in the isothermal crystallization process of polyoxymethylene from the molten state has been investigated by carrying out the time-resolved measurements of infrared spectra and synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering. In case of isothermal crystallization at 130 °C, for example, the infrared bands intrinsic of folded chain crystal (FCC) morphology appeared at first, and then the bands of extended chain crystal (ECC) morphology were detected with time delay of ca. 150 s. In the SAXS experiment at 130 °C, the lamellar stacking structure of the long period of ca. 15 nm was observed at first, which changed rapidly to ca. 12 nm in a short time. The SAXS peak with the long period of ca. 6 nm started to appear with a time delay of ca. 150 s after the initial lamellae appeared and coexisted with the initially-observed 12 nm peak. Judging from the timing to detect these characteristic infrared and SAXS signals, a good correspondence was found to exist between the stacked lamellar structure of 12 nm long period and FCC morphology and between the structure of 6 nm long period and ECC morphology. The quantitative analysis was made for the SAXS data on the basis of the lamellar insertion model combined with the paracrystalline theory of the second-kind of disorder. The following structural evolution was deduced from all these results. Immediately after the temperature jump from the melt to 130 °C, the stacked lamellar structure of FCC morphology was generated at first. New lamellae were formed from the amorphous region in between the originally-existing lamellae about 150 s later, where the random chain segments bridging the adjacent lamellae were extended to form the taut tie chains, giving infrared bands of ECC morphology. This inserted lamellar structure of 6 nm long period coexisted at a population of ca. 6% with the initially-formed lamellar stacking structure of 12 nm long period. When the experiment was made at 150 °C, only the formation of stacked lamellar structure of FCC morphology was observed and the insertion of new lamella did not occur.     

Entropic Contributions to Protein Stability

Thermodynamic stability is an important property of proteins that is linked to many of the trade-offs that characterize a protein molecule and therefore its function. Designing a protein with a desired stability is a complicated task given the intrinsic trade-off between enthalpy and entropy which applies for both the folded and unfolded states. Traditionally, protein stability is manipulated by point mutations which regulate the folded state enthalpy. In some cases, the entropy of the unfolded state has also been manipulated by means that drastically restrict its conformational dynamics such as engineering disulfide bonds. In this mini-review, we survey various approaches to modify protein stability by manipulating the entropy of either the unfolded or the folded states. We show that point mutations that involve elimination of long-range contacts may have a greater destabilization effect than mutations that eliminate shorter-range contacts. Protein conjugation can also affect the entropy of the unfolded state and thus the overall stability. In addition, we show that entropy can contribute to shape the folded state and yield greater protein stabilization. Hence, we argue that the entropy component can be practically manipulated both in the folded and unfolded state to modify protein stability.     

太赫兹折叠波导慢波结构的设计与微加工

从行波管工作的物理特性提出了一种获得折叠波导慢波结构参数的简单方法,给定工作频率和电压,能够获得折叠波导慢波结构的初始参数.设计了D波段的折叠波导结构来验证该方法,对其冷测特性如色散、耦合阻抗进行了分析.仿真结果表明,设计的折叠波导慢波结构在中心频率处具有较平缓的色散关系,在中心频率处耦合阻抗为3.5欧姆.在电子注电压为20.6 kV,电流为15 mA时,27 mm(50个周期)的折叠波导慢波结构在220 GHz具有13.5 dB的增益,3 dB带宽为11 GHz(213~224 GHz).同时讨论了折叠波导慢波结构的微加工工艺,并通过UV-LIGA工艺获得了实验样品.     

横流CO2激光器的折叠式谐振腔研究

在横流ＣＯ２激光器中折叠式谐振腔,不仅能改善光束质量,而且有提高转换效率。文章地折叠式谐振腔的折数确定,转折镜的选择,谐振腔的总体结构进行了分析研究,并设计了一种七折光学折叠腔,在大功率横流激光器上取得了良好的实验效果,获得了千瓦级基模激光输出。     

折叠腔He-Ne激光器中角锥棱镜直角误差分析

首次研究了应用空心角锥棱镜的折叠腔免调试He-Ne激光器系统.根据矩阵光学理论分析了角锥棱镜的直角误差对其光路反射特性的影响,并应用于折叠腔免调试He-Ne激光器系统,定量给出了返回光线偏角误差与棱镜直角误差的线性关系,计算了免调试激光器系统中角锥棱镜直角误差的临界值.这一结果对控制折叠腔免调试激光器中的角锥棱镜加工误差具有指导意义.     

CO_2激光器折叠腔中反射镜对激光输出光束偏振特性的影响

本文研究了折叠腔中平行仿据和垂直仿振的CO2激光反射率的差别；证明了折叠腔中特别是U型折叠腔中CO2激光器是垂直偏振的；并指出应设法将线偏报激光转化成国仿振激光，以改善激光加工质量。     

一种新颖的具有带隙结构运算放大器设计

本文提出了带隙结构的运算放大器，把带隙基准和运算放大器有机的结合到一起，有效的节省了芯片面积，并有很好的精度和动态响应特性。本文阐述了该结构的工作原理，对整体结构进行分析，重点阐述了带隙结构的特点。采用0.8μm BiCMOS工艺，通过HSPICE进行仿真验证，得到其开环增益为63.4dB，电源抑制比为106.4dB。     

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Composite Folded Sandwich Core Structures Under Compression

The characterisation of the mechanical behaviour of folded core structures for advanced sandwich composites under flatwise compression load using a virtual testing approach is presented. In this context dynamic compression test simulations with the explicit solvers PAM-CRASH and LS-DYNA are compared to experimental data of two different folded core structures made of aramid paper and carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). The focus of the investigations is the constitutive modelling of the cell wall material, the consideration of imperfections and the representation of cell wall buckling, folding or crushing phenomena. The consistency of the numerical results shows that this can be a promising and efficient approach for the determination of the effective mechanical properties and a cell geometry optimisation of folded core structures.     

一种低压低功耗CMOS折叠-共源共栅运算放大器的设计

本文设计了一种低压低功耗CMOS折叠一共源共栅运算放大器.该运放的输入级采用折叠-共源共栅结构,可以优化输入共模范围,提高增益;由于采用AB类推挽输出级,实现了全摆幅输出,并且大大降低了功耗.采用TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,基于BSIM3V3 Spice模型,用Hspice对整个电路进行仿真,结果表明:与传统结构相比,此结构在保证增益、带宽等放大器重要指标的基础上,功耗有了显著的降低,非常适合于低压低功耗应用.目前,该放大器已应用于14位∑-△模/数转换电路的设计中.     

浅谈小型水库渗漏、库岸稳定分析与工程处理措施

本文阐述江西省瑞昌市部分小（2）型水库的工程地质条件,以及工程区所处的地质构造位置,分析了褶皱构造对水库的影响。认为褶皱构造对小（2）型水库的影响主要表现在水库渗漏、库岸稳定以及水库地震等工程地质问题,并提出相应的工程处理措施。