Measurement-related uncertainties in overcoring data at the Äspö HRL, Sweden. Part 2: Biaxial tests of CSIRO HI overcore samples

This paper is the second dealing with measurement-related uncertainties of overcoring data undertaken at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory and focuses on the biaxial test data from CSIRO HI overcore samples. The first paper dealt with measurement-related uncertainties in connection with the overcoring phase [1].The uncertainties identified in connection to biaxial tests of CSIRO HI overcore samples include too large applied pressures and poor sampling frequency. At the Äspö HRL, the results yield that most overcore samples fractured during biaxial testing, meaning that a significant part, 56%, of available strain gauge combinations were removed from calculations of the elastic parameters. Remaining strain gauge combinations indicate average values of 62±5 GPa for Young's modulus and 0.25±0.01 for Poisson's ratio, which are considerably lower than previously published values [2–5], and are in good agreement with results from biaxial tests on Borre Probe overcore samples [6–10]. The stress calculations were obtained from re-analyzed elastic parameters and strains, and show primarily a reduction in stress magnitudes. Overall, the stress field obtained with different stress measurement methods and its variation with depth is now quite well resolved. The overcoring data suggest that the principal stresses are inclined with a vertical component dipping about 65° from the horizontal over the investigated rock volume (140–420 m depth). This is interpreted as a result of influence from the sub-vertical NE-2 Fracture Zone that divides the stress data into two stress domains [11], although it may also be an artefact because the σ₂- and σ₃-magnitudes are of the same order of magnitude.     

首钢6H3C单机架可逆式薄板冷轧机组技术特点

首钢6H3C单机架可逆式冷轧机组是目前世界上第一套通过中间辊交叉进行板型控制的轧机．也是世界上第一套投入工业生产的6H3C轧机。本文介绍了该机组的工艺、设备参数，技术特点，电气设备及自动化控制及生产状况，并提出了该机组可能存在的问题。     

Synthesis,characterization and corrosion performance evaluation of DDR membrane for H2 separation from HI decomposition reaction

An all silica DDR (deca dodecasil rhombohedral) zeolite membrane with dense, interlocked structure has been developed for separation of H₂ from HI/I₂ mixture of HI decomposition reaction. In this work, the DDR zeolite membrane was synthesized on the seeded clay-alumina substrate within 5 days. The seeds were synthesized by sonication mediated hydrothermal process within short crystallization time which enhanced the nucleation for the membrane growth. The synthesized membranes along with seed crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The selectivity of hydrogen with respect to CO₂ and Ar was evaluated by single gas permeation studies at room temperature. The tests for corrosion resistance were carried out upto 120 h with both support and DDR membrane at 130 °C which confirmed the stability of membrane under the harsh HI/I₂ environment.     

GSM系统合法侦听体系结构研究和设计

在分析了合法侦听原理的基础上分析了合法侦听的接口HI1,HI2,HI3三种不同接口实现不同的功能。HI1主要实现鉴权, HI2主要实现被侦听用户的活动信息传送,HI3则是实现被侦听用户的通信内容的传送。根据三种接口给出了GSM系统的合法侦听体系结构和实现GSM合法侦听的系统模型。     

热化学硫碘循环制氢系统研究进展

热化学硫碘循环制氢是目前最有前景的制氢方法之一.为了提高产氢效率,众多学者对硫碘循环制氢系统进行了优化.对热化学硫碘循环制氢系统及其各单元研究进展进行了综述,讨论了本生反应中水和碘的用量问题、相分离问题,以及硫酸分解与碘化氢分解反应的反应环境和反应催化等问题,并对目前研究该循环的部分团队的实验结果和流程计算进行了对比.     

HI extraction by H3PO4 in the Sulfur–Iodine thermochemical water splitting cycle: Composition optimization of the HI/H2O/H3PO4/I2 biphasic quaternary system

Iodine excess separation from hydriodic acid (HI) is one of the most challenging steps of the Sulfur–Iodine thermochemical water splitting cycle. One promising method is the extraction of HI by using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), with the subsequent separation of gaseous hydriodic acid from water and H₃PO₄ by a distillation step.     

Development of a flowsheet for iodine–sulfur thermo-chemical cycle based on optimized Bunsen reaction

Based on the Bunsen reaction process whose operating conditions are optimized to yield an over-azeotropic HI liquid solution, we devised a new flowsheet of iodine–sulfur thermo-chemical cycle. A highly enriched hydrogen-iodide gas can be generated through a series of processes of liquid–liquid separation of product mixture from Bunsen reaction and flash of over-azeotropic HI solution. Operating temperature and pressure for HI enrichment need not to be increased as high as those for existing flowsheets; as a result, the operating conditions become less corrosive. Chance of pipe clogging due to iodine solidification is low because there is no process where iodine is concentrated that high. Enrichment of HI through spontaneous liquid–liquid separation and simple flash processes avoiding complicated separate process is considered to be an additional benefit. Analysis of overall and component material balances showed that excess amount of feed to each process to get a desired output depends on the efficiency of flash and decomposition processes. Compared to previous ones, the proposed flowsheet requires more recirculation flows throughout the whole cycle mainly because only a portion of HI content exceeding the azeotrope is allowed to evaporate in the flash without employing a separate HI enrichment process. Thermal efficiency of the proposed flowsheet was evaluated, together with a series of parametric analyses for the sensitivity to key operating parameters and component performances. It was observed that the thermal efficiency can be raised above 60% at optimal condition.     

Sulphonated (PVDF-co-HFP)-graphene oxide composite polymer electrolyte membrane for HI decomposition by electrolysis in thermochemical iodine-sulphur cycle for hydrogen production

In overall iodine-sulphur (I-S) cycle (Bunsen reaction), HI decomposition is a serious challenge for improvement in H₂ production efficiency. Herein, we are reporting an electrochemical process for HI decomposition and simultaneous H₂ and I₂ production. Commercial Nafion 117 membrane has been generally utilized as a separator, which also showed huge water transport (electro-osmosis), and deterioration in conductivity due to dehydration. We report sulphonated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) (SCP) and sulphonated graphene oxide (SGO) composite stable and efficient polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) for HI electrolysis and H₂ production. Different SCP/SGO composite PEMs were prepared and extensively characterized for water content, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), conductivity, and stabilities (mechanical, chemical, and thermal) in comparison with commercial Nafion117 membrane. Most suitable optimized SCP/SGO-30 composite PEM exhibited 6.78 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 conductivity in comparison with 9.60 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 for Nafion® 117. The electro-osmotic flux ofSCP/SGO-30 composite PEM (2.53 × 10^?4 cm s^?1) was also comparatively lower than Nafion® 117 membrane (2.75 × 10^?4 cm s^?1). For HI electrolysis experiments, SCP/SGO-30 composite PEM showed good performance such as 93.4% current efficiency (η), and 0.043 kWh/mol-H₂ power consumption (Ψ). Further, intelligent architecture of SCP/SGO composite PEM, in which hydrophilic SGO was introduced between fluorinated polymer by strong hydrogen bonding, high efficiency and performance make them suitable candidate for electrochemical HI decomposition, and other diversified electrochemical processes.     

Decomposition of hydriodic acid by electrolysis in the thermochemical water sulfur–iodine splitting cycle

Although several technologies, such as reactive distillation and catalytic membrane reactor, have been proposed to improve HI conversion efficiency, they still experience several challenges for the application in HI section. In this study, an electrochemical cell was employed for hydriodic acid decomposition under the presence of iodine. Several commercial proton-exchange membranes (PEMs), namely, Nafion 117 and Nafion 115, were used as separators for the electrochemical cell. Anodization of iodide anion occurred at the graphite electrode in the anode compartment. Hydrogen was generated by the reduction reaction of hydrogen cations, which migrated from anolyte to catholyte. In electrolysis experiments, PEM showed good performance in terms of high transport number of proton and low iodine permeation. Several parameters, such as operating temperature, HI molarity, and I₂ molarity in anolyte, which affected current efficiency, iodine permeance, and electric resistance of test cell, were investigated. High operating temperature and I₂ molarity in anolyte enhanced the permeability of iodine, which had several negative influences on electrochemical cell performance. Although current efficiency was negatively affected by increasing temperature and I₂ molarity, it still remained above 0.85 in the range of 30 °C–75 °C. Ohmic resistance, which is a component of cell resistance, offered by PEM was investigated with Nafion 117 and 115. Apart from graphite plates, activated carbon papers were adopted as electrodes to reduce the overpotentials due to their high specific surface characteristic.     

基于逆向投影的全景泊车系统设计与实现

全景泊车系统利用安装在车身前后左右的4个广角摄像头实时采集周围的图像,并传送给图像处理设备进行校正、俯视变换和图像合成,最后在显示屏上形成一幅360°的全景俯视图。系统以处理器HI3520D和视频解码器NVP1918C为硬件核心,以鱼眼校正、投影变换和逆向投影算法为软件核心,最终实现实时显示无缝和清晰画面的360°全景泊车影像系统。