PVC膜对硝基酚离子选择电极的制备及应用

本文介绍了以乙基紫为载体的 PVC 膜对硝基苯酚离子选择性电极的制备方法,并利用该电极对煤气工业废水中酚含量进行测定,取得了满意的结果。     

A new control method for MIMO first order time delay non-square systems

This paper proposes a new method using internal model control (IMC) to design Smith delay compensation decoupling controller for multivariable non-square systems with transfer function elements consisting of first order + time delay. This proposed method is applied to a shell control problem in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) first order plus dead time non-square systems in which the number of input variables exceeds the number of output variables, with input and output variables being 3 and 2 respectively. This method does not only dynamically compensate for shortcoming caused by static decoupling but also overcomes the impact of model error on system performance caused by model approximation and uncertainty. In other words, the design method proposed in this paper is capable of significantly improving dynamic quality and robustness of the control system as can be seen from the simulation results. Moreover, this new method is simple and easy to implement. Integral of squared error (ISE) performance criterion is employed to quantitatively evaluate the design method.     

聚合物在离子选择电极上的应用

本文概述了聚合物膜离子选择电极的发展,制备、应用等方面的研究情况;将聚合物膜离子选择电极分为固态膜类和液态膜类,分别对其优缺点和发展前景加以分析;并讨论了聚合物在敏感膜中的作用,以及聚合物结构对敏感膜性能的可能影响。     

Determination of all feasible robust PID controllers for open-loop unstable plus time delay processes with gain margin and phase margin specifications

This paper proposes a novel alternative method to graphically compute all feasible gain and phase margin specifications-oriented robust PID controllers for open-loop unstable plus time delay (OLUPTD) processes. This method is applicable to general OLUPTD processes without constraint on system order. To retain robustness for OLUPTD processes subject to positive or negative gain variations, the downward gain margin (GM_down), upward gain margin (GM_up), and phase margin (PM) are considered. A virtual gain-phase margin tester compensator is incorporated to guarantee the concerned system satisfies certain robust safety margins. In addition, the stability equation method and the parameter plane method are exploited to portray the stability boundary and the constant gain margin (GM) boundary as well as the constant PM boundary. The overlapping region of these boundaries is graphically determined and denotes the GM and PM specifications-oriented region (GPMSOR). Alternatively, the GPMSOR characterizes all feasible robust PID controllers which achieve the pre-specified safety margins. In particular, to achieve optimal gain tuning, the controller gains are searched within the GPMSOR to minimize the integral of the absolute error (IAE) or the integral of the squared error (ISE) performance criterion. Thus, an optimal PID controller gain set is successfully found within the GPMSOR and guarantees the OLUPTD processes with a pre-specified GM and PM as well as a minimum IAE or ISE. Consequently, both robustness and performance can be simultaneously assured. Further, the design procedures are summarized as an algorithm to help rapidly locate the GPMSOR and search an optimal PID gain set. Finally, three highly cited examples are provided to illustrate the design process and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于累积平方误差–总平方波动指标的模型预测控制器性能评价及自愈

本文针对模型预测控制器实际投运中遇到性能下降问题,提出了一种基于累积平方误差(ISE)–总平方波动(TSV)指标的模型预测控制器性能评价及自愈方法.先基于累积平方误差(ISE)和总平方波动(TSV)指标对模型预测控制器进行实时性能评价,再根据无限时域模型预测控制器(MPC)的逆特性,基于ISE–TSV指标的分析,提出了...     

Characterization of copper complexation with natural dissolved organic matter (DOM)--link to acidic moieties of DOM and competition by Ca and Mg

We investigated Cu complexation by three dissolved organic matters (DOMs) collected by reverse osmosis (RO). Alkalimetric titration, pH-stat Cu and Ca titrations, pH edges of Cu–DOM complexation, and Ca/Mg–Cu exchange experiments were investigated at I=10⁻² M for DOM samples of 10 mg C/L. The proton and Cu binding characteristics indicated similarity for all three DOMs. All Cu titrations employed ion selective electrode measurement and indicated the presence of relatively small amounts of strong Cu-binding sites. Four distinct classes of Cu binding sites are required for FITEQL 4.0 to provide good fits to the entire curves. The estimated total Cu binding site density is 4.55 mmol/g C, much less than the total acidity but very close to the phenolic site content. Cu–DOM complexation increases approximately 10-fold per pH unit, even at relatively high pH (>8). We suggest that sites characterized as phenolic based on alkalimetric titration, not carboxyl sites, account for the majority of Cu complexation under natural water conditions, and Cu–DOM complexation is principally through the replacement of H⁺ by Cu²⁺ at the phenolic binding sites. The Cu–H exchange ratio is 1:1 for the first three sites and about 1:2 for the 4th site. This 4-site model describes well the pH dependency of Cu–DOM complexation and provides good estimates of free Cu concentrations throughout wide total copper (Cu_T) and pH ranges. Comparison between Ca–DOM and Cu–DOM complexation demonstrated that (i) Ca–DOM complexation increases much less than an order of magnitude per pH unit and decreases at higher Ca concentration, different from that of Cu–DOM complexation; and (ii) Cu–DOM complexation is highly non-linear, in contrast to the much reduced extent of non-linearity of Ca–DOM complexation. Ca/Mg–Cu exchange experiments showed small competition effect, less than expected by a simple competition model, and the competition tended to reduce with increasing Ca or Mg concentrations. The extent of the competition by Mg and Ca are essentially comparable. Put all together, it suggests that Ca and Mg are preferably bound by carboxyl sites, especially at relatively high concentrations, resulting in a weakened apparent competition effect.     

ISE集成开发环境下基于FPGA的数字设计

详细介绍了在Xilinx公司ISE集成开发环境下，利用各种集成工具和第三方软件进行FPGA设计的过程和方法。然后通过一个具体的实例，介绍了利用VHDL硬件编程语言，通过构造查找表来实现正弦函数的数字设计方法，并给出了相应的仿真结果。     

用氟硼酸根离子选择性电极电位滴定法测定复合推进剂中的高氯酸铵

本法用BF7电极作指示电极，双液接饱和甘汞电极作参比电极，用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CETAC）或氯代十六烷在吡啶（CPC）电位滴定用水提取的复合推进剂中的高氯酸铵。共平均回收率达99．75％，准确度和精密度中和法（甲醛法）。     

基于FPGA的FFT处理器的设计与验证

介绍一种基于FPGA，选择FFT的基一2DIT处理算法，在ISE6．2I开发平台上完成32位浮点运算的FFT信号处理器设计：利用Modelsim工具软件对系统的逻辑综合和时序进行仿真，并将系统的结果与Matlab计算结果相比较，验证了设计结果的精确性；实验表明利用FPGA实现FFT，运算速度快，可以满足高速信号处理的应用场合。     

Approximation of the optimal minimum-phase output for control of nonlinear nonminimum-phase processes

Nonminimum-phase parts are better removed in the feedback loop like the time delay term. For this, Wright and Kravaris [1992] proposed the concept of optimal minimum-phase output to control nonlinear nonminimumphase processes. However, their optimal minimum-phase output has no analytic solutions for processes with more than three state variables. Here, methods for analytic minimum-phase outputs approximating the optimal ones are proposed, having no limitations in the number of state variables. The proposed methods provide analytic solutions for processes with three state variables and simple numerical solutions for those with more state variables.