Improvement of device performances by thin interlayer in conjugated polymers/methanofullerene plastic solar cell

Recent studies have reported that a thin interlayer between poly(3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT: PSS) and an emissive polymer layer leads to a large increase in the performances of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) by preventing significant quenching of the radiative excitons at the PEDOT: PSS interface; therefore, acting as an efficient exciton-blocking layer. Using the similar idea, a thin interlayer was fabricated between PEDOT: PSS and the active layer of conjugated polymers/methanofullerene composites in a plastic solar cell. The interlayer consisted of a poly(fluorene)-based hole transporter spin-coated directly on top of the PEDOT: PSS layer. The devices with the interlayer exhibited a higher efficiency than in those without the interlayer.     

Synthesis and characterizations of a polyimide containing a triphenylamine derivative as an interlayer in polymer light-emitting diode

Polyimide containing triphenylamine derivative (TPD-PI) was synthesized to prepare a polymer interlayer having insolubility in common nonpolar solvent for light-emitting polymers. N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, as a new triphenylamine-containing diamine monomer, was synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed amination reaction between 4-nitrodiphenylamine and 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl and subsequent reduction of the nitro-intermediate. The TPD-PI was prepared from the synthesized diamine monomer and 4,4′-(hexafluoropropylidene)-diphthalic anhydride by the standard two-step polymerization method, which involved ring-opening polymerization and subsequent cyclodehydration. The structures and properties of the monomer and the resulting polyimide were characterized with ¹H and ¹³C NMR, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, etc. The TPD-PI is readily soluble in aprotic polar solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and N,N-dimethylformamide and insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as toluene and xylene. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the TPD-PI was measured to be 5.5 eV by a photoelectron spectrometer in air, and the band gap was calculated as 3.1 eV from the onset of UV-vis spectrum. The polymer light-emitting diode with the thin TPD-PI layer between a hole injection layer and an emitting polymer layer was fabricated to examine the performance of the polyimide as an polymer interlayer. Although the luminous efficiency of the device is lowered by the introduction of the TPD-PI interlayer, the lifetime of the device is improved.     

基于群体智慧的软件开发间层模型及其架构实现

减少或者避免重复劳动是应对软件危机的一个重要方法.对软件重用技术进行研究,以避免重复劳动为目标,提出利用群体智慧的间层模型来试图解决软件危机问题.提出的柠檬框架是间层模型的一个实现,具有一定的实用性.同时柠檬框架也是正在进行的一个项目.     

Effect of interlayer on structure and performance of anode-supported SOFC single cells

To lower the operating temperatures in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operations, anode-supported SOFC single cells with a single dip-coated interlayer were fabricated and the effect of the interlayer on the electrolyte structure and the electrical performance was investigated. For the preparation of SOFC single cells, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, NiO-YSZ anode, and 50% YSZ-50% strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM) cathode were used. In order to characterize the cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized and the gas (air) permeability measurements were conducted for gas tightness estimation. When the interlayer was inserted onto NiO-YSZ anode, the surface roughness of anode was diminished by about 40% and dense crack-free electrolytes were obtained. The electrical performance was enhanced remarkably and the maximum power density was 0.57W/cm(2) at 800 degrees C and 0.44W/cm(2) at 700 degrees C. On the other hand, the effect of interlayer on the gas tightness was negligible. The characterization study revealed that the enhancement in the electrical performance was mainly attributed to the increase of ion transmission area of anode/electrolyte interface and the increase of ionic conductivity of dense crack-free electrolyte layer.     

Pyroelectric properties and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of R.F. magnetron-sputtering-derived PZT thin films deposited on various interlayers

PZT thin films and interlayers were fabricated by the radio frequency (r.f.) Magnetron-sputtering from the Pb_1.1Zr_0.53Ti_0.47O₃, PbO and TiO₂ target. As a result of the XPS depth profile analysis, we can confirm that the substrate temperature affects the oxidation condition of each element of interlayers and the PZT film. Compared to the PZT/Pt structure, the dielectric and pyroelectric properties of PZT thin films inserted by interlayers were measured to a relatively high value. In particular, the PZT/PbO structure had the highest pyroelectric properties (P = 189.4 μC/cm²K; F _D = 12.7×10⁻⁶ Pa^−1/2; F _V = 0.018 m²/C).     

十红滩铀矿床有机地球化学特征及与铀成矿作用

十红滩铀矿床属层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床,赋存于中侏罗统西山窑组含煤碎屑岩中。容矿层岩石中富含有机质,有机碳、可溶有机物、酸解吸附烃在不同地球化学分带的岩石中含量大小不同,尤以氧化还原过渡带含量最高。矿石有机质母质类型为腐殖型,处于未成熟演化阶段,酸解吸附烃为煤成气型。统计计算表明:容矿层中铀和可溶有机物、酸解吸附烃含量之间具明显的相关关系。分析了有机质在砂岩型铀矿床形成过程中的作用,认为容矿层中有机质在含氧环境下分解的产物利于铀在水中的溶解和迁移,而在缺氧条件下分解的产物,构成铀沉淀的还原和吸附地球化学障,在铀的成矿过程中发挥重要的作用。     

Stability control of gob-side entry retained under the gob with close distance coal seams

In multi-seam mining, the interlayer rock strata between the upper coal seam(UCS) and the lower coal seam(LCS) appear damage and strength weakening after mining the UCS. Ground stability control of the gob-side entry retaining(GER) under the gob with close distance coal seams(CDCS) is faced with difficulties due to little attention to GER under this condition. This paper focuses on surrounding rock stability control and technical parameters design for GER under the gob with CDCS. The floor rock strata damage characteristics after mining the UCS is first evaluated and the damage factor of the interlayer rock strata below the UCS is also determined. Then, a structural mechanics model of GER surrounding rock is set up to obtain the main design parameters of the side-roadway backfill body(SBB) including the maximum and minimum SBB width calculation formula. The optimal SBB width and the water-to-cement ratio of high water quick-setting material(HWQM) to construct the SBB are determined as 1.2 m and 1.5:1.0,respectively. Finally, engineering trial tests of GER are successfully carried out at #5210 track transportation roadway of Xingwu Colliery. Research results can guide GER design under similar mining and geological conditions.     

Mechanistic study on interlayer dielectric breakdown in integrated circuits

Copper transport in damascene interconnect structures is an important reliability issue leading to accelerated interlayer dielectric (ILD) breakdown. It is unclear that whether the experimentally determined leakage current is mainly of an ionic nature or an electronic nature due to the difficulties and complications in separating these two components. However, enough thermodynamic data are available to calculate the copper ionic current from basic transport equations and independently determined parameter values. The calculated ionic current is compared with the experimentally determined total current. We have found that the electronic current rather than the ionic current is the major component in the leakage current.     

Interfacial structure, residual stress and adhesion of diamond coatings deposited on titanium

The interfacial structures of diamond coatings deposited on pure titanium substrate were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Results showed that beneath the diamond coating, there was one titanium carbide and hydride interlayer, followed by a heat-affected and carbon/hydrogen diffused Ti layer. Residual stress in the diamond coating and TiC interlayer under different process parameters were measured using Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Diamond coatings showed large compressive stress on the order of a few giga Pascal. XRD analysis also showed the presence of compressive stress in the TiC interlayer and tensile stress in the Ti substrate. With increasing deposition duration, or decreasing plasma power and concentration of CH₄ in gas mixture, the compressive residual stress in the diamond coating decreased. The large residual stress in the diamond coating resulted in poor adhesion of the coatings to substrate, but adhesion was also related to other factors, such as the thickness and nature of the TiC interlayer, etc. A graded interlayer design was proposed to lower the thermal stress, modify the interfacial structure and improve the adhesion strength.     

Improved macroblock level rate control for the spatially scalable extension of H.264/AVC

An improved rate control algorithm, designed for scalable video coders incorporating interlayer prediction, is proposed. Firstly, a Rate Distortion (RD) model for interlayer prediction involving the spatial enhancement layers is devised. An optimised Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) prediction model for the spatial enhancement layers that considers both the MAD from the spatial base layer in the same frame and the MAD from the corresponding macroblock in previous frames is also proposed. Simulation results show that the resulting algorithm produces accurate rate control with an average bit rate error of less than 0.26%. Compared with the JVT-W043 default rate control algorithm of the JSVM, the proposed algorithm improves the average PSNR by up to 0.53 dB or reduces the bit rate by an average of 10.95%. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be combined with the existing rate control scheme for H.264/AVC, resulting in further improvements.