Prevention of Black Hole Attack in Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Using a Self-Organized Public Key Infrastructure

ABSTRACT

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links in which nodes cooperate by forwarding packets for each other thereby enabling communication beyond direct wireless transmission range. Example applications include battlefield communication, disaster recovery operations, and mobile conferencing. The dynamic nature of ad-hoc networks makes them more vulnerable to security attacks compared with fixed networks. Providing security in mobile ad-hoc networks has been a major issue in recent years. Most of the secure routing protocols proposed by researchers need a centralized authority or a trusted third party to provide authentication. This destroys the self-organizing nature of ad-hoc networks. Black Hole attack is one of the routing attacks that occur in MANETs. In this attack, a malicious node uses the routing protocol to advertise itself as having the shortest path to the node whose packets it wants to intercept. In this article, we propose an enhanced certificate based authentication mechanism, where nodes authenticate each other by issuing certificates to neighboring nodes and generating public key without the need of any online centralized authority. The proposed scheme uses Multicast Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing (MAODV) protocol as a support for certification. The effectiveness of our mechanism is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.     

基于范围代理的MAODV协议改进

高效的组播路由是移动自组网网络组播路由的研究热点之一。在分析MAODV协议的基础上,提出基于范围代理扩展的MAODV组播路由协议。通过使用区域范围代理管理和单播与广播结合的组播数据包,扩展范围代理MAODV协议。模拟仿真结果显示,改进后的协议减少网络开销和树重构次数、降低端到端平均时廷、提高数据包投递率。     

基于MAODV协议的网络编码方案*

目前网络编码在Ad hoc组播网络中的应用研究比较缺乏,针对这个问题,提出了一种在由MAODV协议(multicast Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol)组建的Ad hoc组播网络中使用网络编码的网络编码策略,并且为了解决如何解码的问题提出了网络编码处理策略,使得网络编码可以应用在Ad hoc组播网络中,提高了网络性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明,基于网络编码的Ad hoc组播网络与普通Ad hoc组播网络相比,减少了数据包发送次数,降低了网络     

基于Mesh网的MAODV路由协议在Linux下的实现

详细叙述了无线Mesh网中MAODV(Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)组播路由协议的基本原理和工作流程。分析了在Linux操作系统的路由体系中实现MAODV路由协议的关键技术和难点。针对该协议的技术难点,结合Linux操作系统中的网络数据包过滤和控制模块Netfilter技术,提出了具体的解决方案及实现流程,并在Linux操作系统上对MAODV路由协议的实现方案进行了验证。     

Distributed route repair for increasing reliability and reducing control overhead for multicasting in wireless MANET

The Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol is proposed for achieving multicast in a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) while reducing bandwidth waste and energy power consumption. In MANET, packets transmission through a multicast tree may always have unreliable links caused by node mobility or lack of energy, and thus significantly degrades the performance. MAODV uses a broadcast-type local repair mechanism to find an alternative route to the multicast tree when some breaks happen on the tree. Although the local repair mechanism provides a specified time-to-live (TTL) to limit the repair range and the hop-count to the group leader, a large number of broadcast-type Route Request (RREQ) messages extensively yields control overhead and requires a large amount of power consumption to send control messages. Thus, this paper proposes a unicast-type multihop local repair protocol for multicast MANETs to recover lost links efficiently while achieving several advantages: increasing network reliability, increasing packet delivery rate, minimizing the number of control messages and reducing repair delay. Moreover, the optimal number of hops used in the multihop neighbor table is analyzed mathematically. Numerical results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms other repair approaches in terms of successful repair rate, control message overhead and packet delivery rate.     

基于多个组的MAODV路由协议的仿真与性能分析

目前,对MAODV路由协议的仿真分析通常考虑网络仅有一个多播组的情况。但是,在实际应用中网络可能存在多个多播组。为此,本文提出了基于多个多播组分析MAODV路由协议性能的方法,并利用NS-2模拟器对MAODV路由协议进行仿真,分析了多个多播组对数据递交率、控制开销、时延等性能的影响。仿真分析表明,在不同网络负载情况下,多个多播组的存在降低了MAODV路由协议的性能。     

基于路径稳定性的MAODV改进路由协议

由于移动自组织网络的高动态性,使其拓扑结构不断发生改变。针对这种情况,在分析现有MAODV协议改进技术的基础上,提出一种选择路径稳定性的路由协议(PPC-MAODV)。改进路由协议充分考虑路径稳定性问题,选择稳定性高、路由跳数小的路径进行数据转发和传输,减小路由的重构和修复次数。通过仿真实验对MAODV协议与PPC-MAODV协议在端传输时延、丢包率等方面进行验证,结果证明了该协议的有效性。     

一种改进的基于移动预测的可扩展多播路由协议

移动Ad Hoc网络是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个支持多跳的临时性的网络自治系统,随着网络应用规模的增长,在移动Ad Hoc网络中支持多播路由成为网络领域中一类重要的研究课题。在MAODV的基础上,提出了一种采用基于优先权指数的竞争广播算法以及基于移动预测的主动路由维护机制的改进多播路由协议,仿真结果表明改进后的协议减少了开销、降低了时延,有效地增加了协议的可扩展性。     

Optimized Multicast Routing Algorithm Based on Tree Structure in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc Networks （MANETs） play an important role in emergency communications where network needs to be constructed temporarily and quickly. Since the nodes move randomly, routing protocols must be highly effective and reliable to guarantee successful packet delivery. Based on the data delivery structure, most of the existing multicast routing protocols can be classified into two folders： tree-based and mesh-based. We observe that tree-based ones have high forwarding efficiency and low consumptions of bandwidth, and they may have poor robustness because only one link exists between two nodes. As a tree- based multicast routing protocol, MAODV （Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Vector） shows an excellent performance in lightweight ad hoc networks. As the load of network increases, QoS （Quality of Service） is degraded obviously. In this paper, we analyze the impact of network load on MAODV protocol, and propose an optimized protocol MAODV-BB （Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Vector with Backup Branches）, which improves robustness of the MAODV protocol by combining advantages of the tree structure and the mesh structure. It not only can update shorter tree branches but also construct a multicast tree with backup branches. Mathematical analysis and simulation results both demonstrate that the MAODV-BB protocol improves the network performance over conventional MAODV in heavy load ad hoc networks.     

MAODV路由协议的研究与仿真

组播通信有效地节约了网络资源,在资源受限的无线网络环境中引入组播有着非常重要的意义。本文分析了MAODV组播路由协议的路由机制,用NS2仿真分析了在不同组规模情况下网络的性能。仿真结果表明该组播协议减少了开销、降低了时延,可以有效地支持无线网络中的组播应用。