Elimination of organic matter present in wastewaters from the cork industry by membrane filtration

BACKGROUND: The first stage of the cork industrial process generates great volumes of wastewater with moderate to high organic pollutant content that must be purified using different procedures, such as filtration by membranes. RESULTS: The tangential filtration of these wastewaters was studied using two different laboratory equipments. In the first one, three ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were tested, with molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) 100 kDa and 30 kDa, and two operating modes were used: total recycling of permeate and retentate streams, and in continuous mode, without recycling both streams. In the total recycling UF experiments, the influence of the operating variables on the permeate flux was first established. The effectiveness of the different membranes was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for several parameters that measure the global pollutant content of the effluent. The values found for these rejection coefficients were in the following order: ellagic acid and color > absorbance at 254 nm > tannic content > COD (chemical oxygen demand). In the continuous mode experiments, the fouling mechanism for each membrane was established by fitting the experimental data to various filtration fouling models given in the literature. The operating mode in the second equipment was batch concentration, and additional experiments were carried out with an UF membrane (2 kDa), and with a NF membrane (with MWCO in the range 150–300 Da). CONCLUSIONS: The three operating modes tested provided different rejection levels of organic matter; among them, the most effective procedure tested was batch concentration mode using a NF membrane. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

天然沸石与纳滤组合工艺处理铜突发污染的应用

纳滤工艺被广泛应用于分散式饮用水深度处理,能解决饮用水苦咸化,盐碱化或微污染等常规水处理工艺无法规避的用水风险,在长时间运行过程中还能有效应对重金属等突发污染风险。但重金属污染易加重纳滤膜污染,需要增设预处理装置加以缓冲,实现纳滤装置的长久稳定运行。而天然沸石具有良好的筛分性能和吸附性能,能够有效缓冲重金属对纳滤装置的冲击。试验以重金属铜为例,证明水中铜离子会造成纳滤不可逆污染比例增加,不利于系统稳定运行;天然沸石对铜离子有很好的吸附效果,静态吸附试验表明天然沸石对水中铜离子的最大吸附量为3.03 mg/g,通过正交试验合理设计吸附预处理,能够有效为纳滤工艺提供安全进水,保证纳滤进水铜离子浓度低于10 mg/L。实践工艺中,吸附预处理能有效缓解纳滤膜不可逆污染,而且吸附-纳滤组合工艺对铜离子及部分其他重金属离子表现出良好的处理效果。     

Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from synthetic waters and surface water by nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. In synthetic solutions, arsenic rejection experiments included variation of arsenic retentate concentration, transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. Arsenic rejection increased with arsenic retentate concentration. Arsenic was removed 93-99% from synthetic feed waters containing between 100 and 382 μg/L as V, resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of about 5 μg/L. Under studied conditions, arsenic rejection was independent of transmembrane pressure, crossflow velocity and temperature. In surface water, the mean rejection of As V was 95% while the rejection of sulfate was 97%. The co-occurrence of dissolved inorganics does not significantly influence arsenic rejection. The mean concentration of As in collected permeated was 8 μg/L. The mean rejection of TDS, total hardness and conductivity were 75, 88 and 75% respectively.     

Fe和两种工业钢在500℃含氯气氛中ZnCl2-KCl盐膜下的腐蚀

研究了纯Fe,NF616和SS304钢在500℃含氯气氛中ZnCl2-KCl盐膜下的腐蚀行为.结果表明,3种材料都发生了加速腐蚀,生成了较厚的氧化膜,且在氧化膜与基体金属之间出现了熔融状氯化物混合盐.此外,合金在此环境中的抗腐蚀性随其Cr含量的提高而显著提高,这是在腐蚀过程中氧化膜内层出现了Fe-Cr尖晶石或Cr2O3阻挡了金属离子快速向外扩散的结果.讨论了材料发生加速腐蚀的机制.     

2～5GHz 0.18μm CMOS宽带低噪声放大器设计

本文设计实现了一个2～5GHz的两级CMOS低噪声放大器(LNA),可应用在超宽带的下半频段(3.1～5GHz)。LNA由两级组成,第一级是一个共栅级,保持良好的线性度并完成较好的输入匹配;第二级是一个共源级堆叠一个电流源,在保持低噪声系数的同时降低功耗。通过级联共栅和共源结构进行增益补偿,所设计的LNA具有近似恒定的增益和噪声系数。采用0.18μm CMOS工艺实现后,模拟结果表明,增益和噪声系数在2～5GHz频率范围内分别为11.5dB和5.1dB,输入反射系数低于-22dB。在4GHz时,模拟得到的三阶交调点为-10dBm。在1.8V电源电压下,LNA的功耗约为11mW。     

支持非第一范式的DBMS中DD的设计和实现

NFMDB数据库管理系统是在 RDBMS的基础上扩充而成的 ,它支持非第一范式 NF2 (Nonfirst normal form)及多媒体数据类型。首先 ,分析了集中式和分离式字典系统的特点 ,并阐述了主动 DD和被动 DD的区别 ;其次 ,讨论了 NFMDB系统为处理 NF2问题而引入的关系字典、属性字典等字典的构造 ,并给出了部分结构描述 ;然后 ,用 create语句描述了一个关于 NF2 存储模式实例 ,同时以 select语句为例讨论了用关系字典和属性字典为基础转换多维 NF2 问题为平滑关系的算法 ,所有这些操作均在关系字典和属性字典中给出了相应的存储描述 ;最后 ,探讨了以关系方式存储 DD的优点以及 DD与 DBMS的关系。由此得出以扩充 DD系统为基础处理 NF2 问题是可行的。     

Expression of high-molecular-mass neurofilament protein in horse (Equus caballus) spinal ganglion neurons

Spinal ganglion (SG) neurons are subdivided, on the basis of their cytoplasmic aspect at light and electron microscopy, into dark (D) and light (L) neurons. Numerous efforts have been made to find specific markers able to identify D and L neuronal cytotypes. The isolectin B4 (IB4), utilized to identify nonpeptidergic D neurons in mice, unfortunately, has not proved as effective in other species. The 200-kDa neurofilament protein (NF200) is considered as a typical marker of L neurons in the rat, cat, and chick. The aim of this study was to analyze the histological, morphometric, and neurochemical characteristic of NF200-immunoreactive (IR) horse SG neurons, to better characterize them morphologically and functionally. NF200-IR neurons showed two levels (strong and weak) of staining intensity. Most (84%) strongly stained NF200-IR neurons corresponded to L neurons, and showed similar bimodality as in the size distribution study, which seems to indicate a third population of neurons, in addition to the two populations (small and large) previously identified. In triple-staining experiments where NF200 was colocalized with IB4, substance P (SP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neuronal markers, most NF200-IR neurons were single stained. On the contrary, most IB4-, SP-, and nNOS-stained neurons were triple labeled and almost equally subdivided between strong and weak NF200-IR with the latter being always smaller in size than strong NF200-IR neurons. In conclusion, horse SG neurons display significant morphometric and neurochemical differences compared with those of rodents.     

基于改进BNF的作战管理语言语法形式化方法

作战管理语言是一种旨在实现指控与仿真系统间无歧义通信的关键技术,有助于解决指控与仿真系统之间的互操作问题。首先阐述了作战管理语言的体系结构;然后通过比较分析形式化语法方法,并结合作战命令语言结构特点,提出了一种基于改进BNF的BML语法形式化描述方法;最后利用该方法对典型作战命令进行了语法形式化描述,并给出了具体实例。     

LTE 毫微微蜂窝基站射频收发器的设计与实现*

针对近年来LTE 毫微微蜂窝基站商用加快和规模扩大,减小LTE 毫微微蜂窝基站的尺寸和降低其成 本就变得越来越重要。在保证基站性能的基础上,如何设计无线电收发器以减少尺寸和成本成为很大的挑战。设 计了一种应用于LTE 毫微微蜂窝基站中的低成本MIMO 射频收发器。分析了发射机和接收机的各项需求指标,提 出了块级的射频参数。据此,射频收发器被系统地分为几个子模块,分别设计了这些不同的子模块,同时区分各个 子模块的特点。所得到的测定结果表明,充分集成的射频收发器的设计不仅具有小尺寸,也符合LTE 毫微微基站的 各项指标。