Efficiency of different clay minerals modified with a cationic surfactant in the adsorption of pesticides: Influence of clay type and pesticide hydrophobicity

In the present work we studied the efficiency of a series of clay minerals (montmorillonite, illite, muscovite, sepiolite and palygorskite) modified with the cationic surfactant octadecyltrimetylammonium bromide (ODTMA) in the adsorption of the pesticides penconazole, linuron, alachlor, atrazine and metalaxyl. A study was also carried out on the effect of the structure (expansible and non-expansible layered, and non-layered), the surface area and charge density of the clay minerals, and the hydrophobicity of the pesticides (K_ow) on the adsorption process. Adsorption–desorption isotherms of the pesticides by clay minerals were obtained and the constants of the Freundlich model (K_f and K_fd) (natural clays) and of the linear model (K and K_des) (ODTMA-clays) were determined. Correlation coefficient values (r²) found between K and K_des, and organic matter (OM) content of ODTMA-clays indicate a more effective partitioning of the pesticides in the organic phase of ODTMA after desorption. Furthermore the positive significant correlation found between the K_desom values and the charge density of different ODTMA-clays indicates that a higher density of ODTMA in the clay gives rise to the formation of an organic phase more effective for the partition of the pesticides. This correlation explained that the highest K_desom value obtained was for kaolinite and the lowest K_desom value was for montmorillonite in the adsorption of all pesticides by the different organo clays. Simple correlations between adsorption constants and K_ow values, and multiple correlations between these constants and clay OM contents and K_ow values were also calculated. The results obtained indicate the interest of ODTMA-clays in the adsorption of hydrophobic pesticides. Non-expandible layered and fibrous clay minerals may also be of interest as adsorbents derived from their density charge, and these minerals, when modified with ODTMA, and used in appropriate amounts, higher than that of montmorillonite, or when present in soils with high clay contents, even in the absence of montmorillonite, may be good adsorbents for hydrophobic pesticides. According to the results of the study, ODTMA-clays and ODTMA-soils could be used as barriers to prevent the mobility of certain hydrophobic pesticides from a point source of pollution.     

一种应用于不可分层LDPC码的并行分层译码算法

该文针对不可分层LDPC码无法利用分层算法进行译码的问题,提出了一种并行分层置信度传播(Parallel-Layered Belief-Propagation,PLBP)译码算法。与传统分层算法不同,该算法在译码时并行进行各层更新,串行进行层内各行更新。这种译码机制使得同一变量节点在各层内不同时进行更新,从而实现各变量节点在一次迭代中分层递进更新的算法目标。仿真表明,在不增加译码复杂度的情况下,该文提出的PLBP算法与传统的洪水算法相比,误码性能更优,而且所需要的平均迭代次数降低了约50%。此外,PLBP算法采用了合并的节点更新运算,最终使该算法达到的译码速度约为洪水算法的4倍。