全文获取类型
收费全文 | 33516篇 |
免费 | 1939篇 |
国内免费 | 1037篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 1741篇 |
技术理论 | 1篇 |
综合类 | 955篇 |
化学工业 | 7336篇 |
金属工艺 | 1004篇 |
机械仪表 | 1263篇 |
建筑科学 | 818篇 |
矿业工程 | 224篇 |
能源动力 | 11125篇 |
轻工业 | 2767篇 |
水利工程 | 67篇 |
石油天然气 | 122篇 |
武器工业 | 52篇 |
无线电 | 3135篇 |
一般工业技术 | 3515篇 |
冶金工业 | 749篇 |
原子能技术 | 338篇 |
自动化技术 | 1280篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 82篇 |
2023年 | 674篇 |
2022年 | 1773篇 |
2021年 | 2060篇 |
2020年 | 1272篇 |
2019年 | 1200篇 |
2018年 | 960篇 |
2017年 | 1143篇 |
2016年 | 1080篇 |
2015年 | 980篇 |
2014年 | 1764篇 |
2013年 | 2009篇 |
2012年 | 1898篇 |
2011年 | 3089篇 |
2010年 | 2236篇 |
2009年 | 1991篇 |
2008年 | 1915篇 |
2007年 | 1833篇 |
2006年 | 1541篇 |
2005年 | 1179篇 |
2004年 | 969篇 |
2003年 | 741篇 |
2002年 | 692篇 |
2001年 | 547篇 |
2000年 | 433篇 |
1999年 | 336篇 |
1998年 | 382篇 |
1997年 | 262篇 |
1996年 | 214篇 |
1995年 | 170篇 |
1994年 | 147篇 |
1993年 | 114篇 |
1992年 | 107篇 |
1991年 | 81篇 |
1990年 | 66篇 |
1989年 | 69篇 |
1988年 | 53篇 |
1987年 | 47篇 |
1986年 | 53篇 |
1985年 | 67篇 |
1984年 | 60篇 |
1983年 | 48篇 |
1982年 | 45篇 |
1981年 | 36篇 |
1980年 | 31篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1951年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
We report a simple processing method to simultaneously improve the efficiency and stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). Poly(4-styrene sulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene (PEDOT:PSS), widely used as hole transport layer (HTL) in OSCs, tends to accelerate the degradation of devices because of its hygroscopic and acidic properties. In this regard, we have modified PEDOT:PSS to reduce its hygroscopic and acidic properties through a condensation reaction between PEDOT:PSS and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEGME) in order to improve the efficiency and stability of OSCs. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased by 21%, from 2.57% up to 3.11%. A better energy level alignment by the reduced work function of the modified PEDOT:PSS with a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is considered the origin of the improved the efficiency. The half-life of OSCs with PEDOT:PSS modified with PEGME buffer layer also increased up to 3.5 times compared to that of devices with pristine PEDOT:PSS buffer layer. 相似文献
3.
In this study we analyze the optoelectronic properties and structural characterization of hydrogenated polymorphous silicon thin films as a function of the deposition parameters. The films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a gas mixture of argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2) and dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and Raman measurements confirmed the existence of very different internal structures (crystalline fractions from 12% to 54%) depending on the growth parameters. Variations of as much as one order of magnitude were observed in both the photoconductivity and effective absorption coefficient between the samples deposited with different dichlorosilane/hydrogen flow rate ratios. The optical and transport properties of these films depend strongly on their structural characteristics, in particular the average size and densities of silicon nanocrystals embedded in the amorphous silicon matrix. From these results we propose an intrinsic polymorphous silicon bandgap grading thin film to be applied in a p–i–n junction solar cell structure. The different parts of the solar cell structure were proposed based on the experimental optoelectronic properties of the pm-Si:H thin films studied in this work. 相似文献
4.
Klaus Reinhardt Hans Georg Breunig Aisada Uchugonova Karsten K?nig 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2015,12(110)
We explore the possibility of characterizing sperm cells without the need to stain them using spectral and fluorescence lifetime analyses after multi-photon excitation in an insect model. The autofluorescence emission spectrum of sperm of the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius, was consistent with the presence of flavins and NAD(P)H. The mean fluorescence lifetimes showed smaller variation in sperm extracted from the male (tau m, τm = 1.54–1.84 ns) than in that extracted from the female sperm storage organ (tau m, τm = 1.26–2.00 ns). The fluorescence lifetime histograms revealed four peaks. These peaks (0.18, 0.92, 2.50 and 3.80 ns) suggest the presence of NAD(P)H and flavins and show that sperm metabolism can be characterized using fluorescence lifetime imaging. The difference in fluorescence lifetime variation between the sexes is consistent with the notion that female animals alter the metabolism of sperm cells during storage. It is not consistent, however, with the idea that sperm metabolism represents a sexually selected character that provides females with information about the male genotype. 相似文献
5.
Towards a Better Prediction of Cell Settling on Nanostructure Arrays—Simple Means to Complicated Ends 下载免费PDF全文
Nina Buch‐Månson Sara Bonde Jessica Bolinsson Trine Berthing Jesper Nygård Karen L. Martinez 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(21):3246-3255
Vertical arrays of nanostructures (NSs) are emerging as promising platforms for probing and manipulating live mammalian cells. The broad range of applications requires different types of interfaces, but cell settling on NS arrays is not yet fully controlled and understood. Cells are both seen to deform completely into NS arrays and to stay suspended like tiny fakirs, which have hitherto been explained with differences in NS spacing or density. Here, a better understanding of this phenomenon is provided by using a model that takes into account the extreme membrane deformation needed for a cell to settle into a NS array. It is shown that, in addition to the NS density, cell settling depends strongly on the dimensions of the single NS, and that the settling can be predicted for a given NS array geometry. The predictive power of the model is confirmed by experiments and good agreement with cases from the literature. Furthermore, the influence of cell‐related parameters is evaluated theoretically and a generic method of tuning cell settling through surface coating is demonstrated experimentally. These findings allow a more rational design of NS arrays for the numerous exciting biological applications where the mode of cell settling is crucial. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, a model taking into account the effects of carrier loss mechanisms has been developed. The model simulates the photovoltaic properties of the graphene/n-type silicon Schottky barrier solar cells (G/n-Si_SBSC), and it can reproduce the experimentally determined parameters of the G/n-Si_SBSC. To overcome the low efficiencies of G/n-Si_SBSC, their performances have been optimized by modifying the work function of graphene and Si properties, accounted for variation of its thickness and doping level. The obtained results show that the work function of graphene has the major impact on the device performance. Also, the temperature dependence of the G/n-Si_SBSC performance is investigated. 相似文献
7.
Textured surface is commonly used to enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells by reducing the overall reflectance and improving the light scattering. In this study, a comparison between isotropic and anisotropic etching methods was investigated. The deep funnel shaped structures with high aspect ratio are proposed for better light trapping with low reflectance in crystalline silicon solar cells. The anisotropic metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) was used to form the funnel shaped structures with various aspect ratios. The funnel shaped structures showed an average reflectance of 14.75% while it was 15.77% for the pillar shaped structures. The average reflectance was further reduced to 9.49% using deep funnel shaped structures with an aspect ratio of 1:1.18. The deep funnel shaped structures with high aspect ratios can be employed for high performance of crystalline silicon solar cells. 相似文献
8.
小剂量辐射对肿瘤细胞K_(562)及肿瘤病人天然杀伤细胞(NK)活性的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
已知小剂量辐射可增强机体免疫功能。从对高本底地区的调查发现,该地区居民肿瘤死亡率及某些肿瘤发病率有所降低(1)。NK细胞能直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,在肿瘤免疫中起着重要的作用。本文观察小剂量辐射对肿瘤病人和正常人外周血淋巴细胞NK活性的相对效应以及对人红白血病细胞(K(562)细胞)的影响,以期从体外买验来探索较小剂量辐射对肿瘤治疗的影响 相似文献
9.
10.
A mixed mode digital/analog special purpose VLSI hardware implementation of an associative memory with neural architecture is presented. The memory concept is based on a matrix architecture with binary storage elements holding the connection weights. To enhance the processing speed analog circuit techniques are applied to implement the algorithm for the association. To keep the memory density as high as possible two design strategies are considered. First, the number of transistors per storage element is kept to a minimum. In this paper a circuit technique that uses a single 6-transistor cell for weight storage and analog signal processing is proposed. Second, the device precision has been chosen to a moderate level to save area as much as possible. Since device mismatch limits the performance of analog circuits, the impact of device precision on the circuit performance is explicitly discussed. It is shown that the device precision limits the number of rows activated in parallel. Since the input vector as well as the output vector are considered to be sparsely coded it is concluded, that even for large matrices the proposed circuit technique is appropriate and ultra large scale integration with a large number of connection weights is feasible. 相似文献