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1.
Marthe Jordbrekk Blikra Sigrun Henjum Inger Aakre 《Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety》2022,21(2):1517-1536
Brown algae are becoming increasingly popular as a food source and dietary supplement in Europe and other Western countries. As they are highly rich in iodine, they represent a potential new dietary iodine source. Iodine deficiency has been re-emerging in Europe, and it is important to ensure adequate intake through one's diet. However, macroalgae, and especially brown algae, may contain very high amounts of iodine, and both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine may increase the risk of negative health effects. The iodine content of algae or foods containing algae is currently not regulated in the European Union. The aim of this paper is to review the literature to determine the chemical species of iodine in brown algae, the loss of iodine during processing, and the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of iodine. A systematic search of the literature was performed in April 2021, via the databases Web of Science and PubMed. The review includes studies of iodine in brown macroalgae in relation to bioavailability, bioaccessibility, processing and speciation. A meta-analysis was conducted in relation to the following topics: (i) the correlation between total iodine and iodide (I–) content in brown algae; (ii) the correlation between the loss of iodine during processing and the I– content; and (iii) the correlation between bioavailability and the I– content. The bioavailability of iodine from brown algae was generally high, with in vivo bioavailability ranging from 31% to 90%. The in vitro bioavailability of iodine (2%–28%) was systematically lower than in vivo bioavailability (31%–90%), indicating an inadequate in vitro methodology. Processing may reduce the iodine content of brown algae, and a higher I– content was positively correlated with increased iodine loss during processing. Although processing strategies may reduce the iodine content of brown algae significantly, the iodine content may still be high after processing. These findings may be used in food safety evaluations of brown algae as well as in the development of macroalgae-containing foods with iodine contents suitable for human consumption. Further research on processing techniques to reduce the iodine content in brown macroalgae are warranted. 相似文献
2.
3.
本文探讨了用X射线能谱仪(EDS)分析卤化银微晶的空间分辨率和吸收修正问题。对SEM-EDS和STEM-EDS两种不同分析模式的空间分辨率进行计算,表明STEM-EDS是研究单个卤化银微晶内碘的含量及分布的有效方法。并对定量分析数据和吸收修正参数进行了讨论,结果证明微晶不同区域厚度的差异,对碘含量的定量测定的影响可以忽略。 相似文献
4.
K. Yasuda Y. Tomita Y. Masuda T. Ishiguro Y. Kawauchi H. Morishita Y. Agata 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2002,31(7):785-790
Iodine doping of CdTe layers grown on (100) GaAs by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was studied using diethyltelluride
(DETe) and diisopropyltelluride (DiPTe) as tellurium precursors and ethyliodine (EI) as a dopant. Electron densities of doped
layers increased gradually with decreasing the growth temperature from 425°C to 325°C. Doped layers grown with DETe had higher
electron densities than those grown with DiPTe. When the hot-wall temperature was increased from 200°C to 250°C at the growth
temperature of 325°C, doped layers grown with DETe showed an increase of the electron density from 3.7×1016 cm−3 to 2.6×1018 cm−3. On the other hand, such an increase of the electron density was not observed for layers grown with DiPTe. The mechanisms
for different doping properties for DETe and DiPTe were studied on the basis of the growth characteristics for these precursors.
Higher thermal stability of DETe than that of DiPTe was considered to cause the difference of doping properties. With increasing
the hot-wall temperature from 200°C to 250°C, the effective ratio of Cd to Te species on the growth surface became larger
for layers grown with DETe than those grown with DiPTe. This was considered to decrease the compensation of doped iodine and
to increase the electron density of layers grown with DETe. The effective ratio of Cd to Te species on the growth surface
also increased with decreasing growth temperature. This was considered to increase the electron density with decreasing growth
temperature. 相似文献
5.
Isabelle Travers Alain Jacquet Adlaïde Brisset Claire Maite 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2002,82(9):983-989
Monitoring the hydrolysis or disappearance of starch by the starch iodine test is a simple procedure for determining the maturity of cider apples, but it does not indicate the exact amount of starch present. So far, studies of starch in apples have dealt exclusively with dessert apples. In this paper the relationship between the visual starch index, the dark‐coloured surface area and the real starch content was studied in two varieties of cider apple commonly used in Normandy (France). Starch determination in cider apples required adapting the protocol provided by the Boehringer enzymatic kit. The work led to proposing a simplified index with five scales instead of 10. This index gives the correspondences between the new and old scales as well as the probable starch contents for each new scale. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
6.
Monodisperse poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) microspheres with high molecular weight obtained by suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate were saponified in alkaline aqueous solution to keep their spherical structure. The saponification was restricted on the surface of the PVAc microspheres and obtained particles had skin/core structure. Various poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres with different diameters and degrees of saponification (DSs) were obtained. The conversion of PVAc to PVA during the heterogeneous surface saponification time were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and after 72 h hydrogel type PVA microspheres completely saponified were obtained. The crystal melting temperatures of the microspheres obtained by the saponification were measured a constant value of 238°C irrespective of varying DS, and the peaks became enlarged as reaction time. Iodine complexes were formed in saponified microspheres with DS of 41% and 99% by immersing them in I2/KI aqueous solution and decomposed by the reduction of I2 in the complexes to 2I? using sodium sulfite to confirm whether the skin formed through the saponification was composed of PVA with high VA content. Obviously, characteristic blue color developments owing to I5?‐PVA complexes were observed in both saponified regions and a red in the PVAc core. Consequently, it was concluded that the PVA skins formed by heterogeneous surface saponification had high DSs. Such complexes endowed polymeric microspheres a good radiopacity which would be useful in clinical treatment of vascular diseases and were examined by X‐ray irradiation image. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
7.
Friedrich Schne Gerhard Jahreis Gerhard Richter Reinhard Lange 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1993,61(2):245-252
In rapeseed meals (RSM) of a conventional (c) or a newly bred (n) variety 117 or 44 mmol glucosinolates and glucosinolate degradation products per kg dry matter were detected. Soaking meals in aqueous myrosinase or copper sulphate solution and subsequent drying reduced the content of antinutrients by more than 90%. Broiler chickens were fed (i) a glucosinolate-free diet, or this diet in which half the soybean meal was replaced by RSM of various origins and treatment; (ii) untreated cRSM; (iii) cRSM treated with myrosinase: (iv) cRSM treated with Cu (v) untreated nRSM; or (vi) nRSM treated with myrosinase. These diets were administered with or without supplementary iodine. Chickens receiving the iodine-deficient diets with myrosinase-treated RSM showed growth depression, incomplete feathering, leg injuries and severe goitre. In the serum T4 could not be detected. Giving myrosinase-treated RSM plus iodine, or giving other RSM diets irrespective of iodine administration, no growth depression was observed. RSM diets without iodine dosage markedly increased thyroid weight: there were no differences between the RSM variants. In contrast to the treatment with myrosinase, in the sera of the chickens fed on untreated RSM or RSM treated with copper T4 could be detected, suggesting that in iodine-deficient conditions differences in serum T4 concentration between RSM groups indicate a differing anti-thyroid activity. With iodine supplementation the RSM had a significant effect on thyroid weight. The largest thyroids (five-fold heavier) were in the animals with myrosinase-treated cRSM. The untreated cRSM and the nRSM trebled or doubled the thyroid weight, and the myrosinase-treated nRSM trebled it. The thyroid weight of chicks fed cRSM treated with copper did not differ significantly from the glucosinolate-free control. There was evidence that heating the myrosinase-treated RMS produced anti-thyroid compounds; these should be identified in further investigations. 相似文献
8.
A multifunctional thiophene-based covalent triazine framework (TTPATTh) with triphenylamine as core is synthesized by Friedel–Crafts reaction of cyanuric chloride with thienyl derivative for the first time. The yield of TTPATTh (99.59%) is far higher than that of the carbazole-based CTF (TTPATCz, 47.03%). TTPATTh and TTPATCz possess high BET surface areas with 1235 and 2501 m2 g–1 as well as high pore volumes with 1.60 and 2.23 cm3 g–1, respectively. TTPATTh and TTPATCz have high thermal stability with high thermal decomposition temperatures of 514 and 598 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. With the introduction of triazine rings, the fluorescence sensing sensitivities of TTPATTh and TTPATCz to picric acid and iodine are improved significantly. Especially for TTPATTh, the Ksv values reach 5.95 × 105 and 1.61 × 104 L mol–1, and LODs reach 1.02 × 10–12 and 1.86 × 10–12 mol L–1. To the best of the knowledge, this is the most sensitive value among thiophene-based porous organic polymers to PA and I2. Furthermore, TTPATTh and TTPATCz can also adsorb iodine in vapor phase, cyclohexane solution and aqueous solution, and release iodine by heating or in ethanol solution. The efficiency of controlling the release of iodine is higher than that in ethanol. 相似文献
9.
Stuart M. Barlow Anthony P. Bimbo Eric L. Miller Snorri Thorisson D. E. Walters 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(9):1077-1083
Twenty-two laboratories participated in a collaborative test to determine the iodine value (IV) of eight samples of fish oil
(four with IV<150, four with IV>150) with either carbon tetrachloride (AOCS Official Method Cd 1–25) or cyclohexane (AOCS
Recommended Practice Cd 1b-87) as solvent and either 1 or 2 h of reaction time. Laboratories received coded duplicate samples
(hidden duplicates) and carried out duplicate determinations on each oil by each solvent-time combination (open duplicates).
Replacing carbon tetrachloride with cyclohexane resulted in a lower IV (P<0.001). The decrease averaged 1.6 IV units for low-IV oils and 3.8 IV units for high-IV oils; this difference in response
of 2.2 IV units between low- and high-IV oils was significant (P<0.001). Increasing the reaction time had a relatively small effect (0.34±0.18). There was no interaction of reaction time
with solvent or oil type. Cyclohexane caused emulsions, which made it difficult to titrate residual iodine and thus increased
the variability of the determination. The repeatability standard deviations (s
r
), based on hidden duplicates, for 1-h reaction time with carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane were 2.17 and 3.35, respectively.
The corresponding reproducibility standard deviations were 2.73 and 4.53. 相似文献
10.
W. D. Branch T. Nakayama M. S. Chinnan 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(9):591-593
Fatty acid composition was determined among seven U.S. runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars: Florunner, Sunrunner, GK-7, Southern Runner, Sunbelt Runner, Okrun, and Langley. Significant year and cultivar
differences were found within these fatty acid profiles. Southern Runner had the best oleic to linoleic ratio and iodine values;
whereas Florunner, Sunrunner, and Langley were the highest in unsaturated and lowest in saturated and long-chain fatty acids.
For the future, breeding programs need to continue developing peanut cultivars with improved oil quality. 相似文献