Alternatives for improving energy security in Cape Verde

The lack of consensus on the meaning of energy security and how it should be measured hinders the evaluation of alternatives for improving the Cape Verdean energy sector. The objective of the paper is to develop an energy security index adjusted to the country's context. The methods used are the multi-criteria analysis and the Delphi survey. Different alternatives to improve energy security are assessed: electrically interconnect Cape Verde's islands, increase the share of renewable energy, and a combination of the previous alternatives. The results of our analysis indicate that increasing renewable energy is the optimal alternative for Cape Verde.     

Comparative analysis of urban reflectance and surface temperature

Urban environmental conditions are strongly dependent on the biophysical properties and radiant thermal field of the land cover elements in the urban mosaic. Observations of urban reflectance and surface temperature provide valuable constraints on the physical properties that are determinants of mass and energy fluxes in the urban environment. Consistencies in the covariation of surface temperature with reflectance properties can be parameterized to represent characteristics of the surface energy flux associated with different land covers and physical conditions. Linear mixture models can accurately represent Landsat ETM+ reflectances as fractions of generic spectral endmembers that correspond to land surface materials with distinct physical properties. Modeling heterogeneous land cover as mixtures of rock and/or soil Substrate, Vegetation and non-reflective Dark surface (SVD) generic endmembers makes it possible to quantify the dependence of aggregate surface temperature on the relative abundance of each physical component of the land cover, thereby distinguishing the effects of vegetation abundance, soil exposure, albedo and shadowing. Comparing these covariations in a wide variety of urban settings and physical environments provides a more robust indication of the global variability in these parameter spaces than could be inferred from a single study area. A comparative analysis of 24 urban areas and their non-urban peripheries illustrates the variability in the urban thermal fields and its dependence on biophysical land surface components. Contrary to expectation, moderate resolution intra-urban variations in surface temperature are generally as large as regional surface heat island signatures in these urban areas. Many of the non-temperate urban areas did not have surface heat island signatures at all. However, the multivariate distributions of surface temperature and generic endmember fractions reveal consistent patterns of thermal fraction covariation resulting from land cover characteristics. The Thermal-Vegetation (TV) fraction space illustrates the considerable variability in the well-known inverse correlation between surface temperature and vegetation fraction at moderate (< 100 m) spatial resolutions. The Thermal-Substrate (TS) fraction space reveals energetic thresholds where competing effects of albedo, illumination and soil moisture determine the covariation of maximum and minimum temperature with illuminated substrate fraction. The dark surface endmember fraction represents a fundamental ambiguity in the radiance signal because it can correspond to either absorptive (e.g. low albedo asphalt), transmissive (e.g. deep clear water) or shadowed (e.g. tree canopy shadow) surfaces. However, in areas where dark surface composition can be inferred from spatial context, the different responses of these surfaces may still allow them to be distinguished in the thermal fraction space.     

Effect of doping polyacrylic acid with some dopants as studied by different techniques

The molecular weight of polyacrylic acid (PAA) was determined by a viscometric method using NaNO₃ as solvent at 30°C. The specific electric conductivities (σ) of PAA as well as PAA doped with carbon black (CB), chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃), and cupferron with different concentrations (from 0.25 to 1 wt %) were measured at a temperature range 360–400 K. IR spectra of some polymers were determined and it was shown that when PAA was doped with 0.5 wt % CB, a C? O? C band appeared at 775–875 cm^?1. The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra in PAA doped with the above‐mentioned dopants were measured as a function of their concentrations. It was observed that the short lifetime intensity I₁ decreased, whereas the intermediate lifetime intensity I₂, which is related to the conductivity of the material, increased with increasing the wt % of Cr₂O₃ and cupferron as well as at low concentrations of CB. These results are discussed in terms of the conducting island model. It was found that there were distinct positive relationships between σ and I₂. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 877–883, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10381     

孤东油田的海油陆采进展

孤东油田极浅海区域新发现几个边际油藏。其中垦东401块水深-2m,距陆地2.7km,为稀油、疏松砂岩油藏,试油获14～25t/d工业油流。在三维地震、测井约束地震反演、数值模拟和油藏经营管理评价基础上编制了产能建设方案,通过修筑海公路、人工岛、丛式井组、大位移水平井、采用数据采集与控制的远程测控和紧急关断技术,能够无人职守、遥测遥控,整体实现了海油陆采。有效动用地质储量233×104t,钻井12口,建成年产油4×104t能力,累产油8.6×104t。目前在垦东12人工岛上钻打了26口井,推广了海油陆采经验。     

超长、超大基坑开挖对邻近地铁结构安全影响的数值模拟分析

为了研究超长、超大基坑开挖对邻近地铁结构安全影响,以西安地铁2号线周边某基坑为工程实例,通过运用数值分析软件,结合场地的水文地质和工程地质条件,建立数值模型,进行施工过程的动态模拟,同时进行现场监测,经对比数值模拟结果及监测数据,表明运用PLAXIS软件能有效的模拟基坑开挖过程中的土体变形。同时工程采用的分段、分块开挖,中心岛顺做,周边预留土台反压、使用旋喷锚索的支护方案,对复杂条件下基坑开挖对邻近地铁结构的变形影响能起到有效的控制作用,可对类似工程的设计优化提供有益的参考及借鉴。     

近海人工岛及沙坝工程与潮流的响应特征研究

北戴河新区位于最具发展潜力的环渤海经济圈中心地带,为满足旅游业发展需要而建的人工岛和保护旅游海滩而建的人工沙坝对近海潮流动力有不同程度的影响。该文基于MIKE21 FM模块通过大、中、小模型三层嵌套的方式建立洋河-葡萄岛近岸海域潮流数学模型,研究分析人工岛及沙坝工程建设前后的潮流动力变化特征,得到下列主要结论:工程建设后研究区域的主体潮流特征仍为顺岸往复流,流速变化量涨潮大于落潮;人工岛工程对流速场的影响范围和程度均明显大于沙坝工程,其中人工岛工程引起的流速变化量是沙坝工程的4倍;人工岛的建设使其内部形成一个相对封闭的水域,流速近乎为零,而养滩工程区在两侧水工建筑物和水下人工沙坝的掩护作用下流速基本减小至0.10 m/s以下。     

基于随机行走的海岛地下水流替代模型构建方法

地下水是海岛重要的淡水资源。为了解决海岛地下水管理实践中遇到的模型计算成本过高以及现有替代模型黑箱性问题,本文提出基于随机行走的海岛地下水流替代模型构建方法。通过GPU并行随机行走算法分别建立海岛的人工增储含水层、分层越流含水层、随机非均质含水层的替代模型,并与相应海岛含水层解析解或数值解进行对比,验证随机行走替代模型在不同海岛含水层模型中的适用性和可靠性,分析潮汐动态边界对海岛分层含水层的影响,最后评估行走元数量对替代模型误差及计算成本的影响。     

基于WRF的城市热岛效应高分辨率评估方法

为解决城市总规尺度气候评估工具缺乏的问题,分析了不同气候评估方法的特点和应用范围,研究了气象学工具WRF在城市热岛效应评估中的应用方法及有效性。建立了针对城市总规尺度的高精度城市规划信息数据库、气象数据库生成WRF模拟边界的方法;明确了高精度城市热岛效应模拟所需的WRF物理方案。以沿海城市大连夏季典型晴朗高温天气为例,利用WRF模型进行了300 m的高分辨率模拟。结果表明,WRF可以较好地模拟出城市热岛效应的强度和时空变化;将模拟结果与气象站和现场观测值进行了对比,两者变化趋势一致,偏差在可接受的范围之内。     

城市建设强度与热岛的相关性——以重庆市开州区为例

城市建设强度是城市热岛形成与演变的主要驱动因素,为了揭示两者之间的量化关系,以重庆市开州区为例,在用地地块、规则网格和建筑斑块3个空间尺度上,使用ArcGIS提取地表温度（LST）与建设强度指标,利用SPSS分析其相关性并构建多元回归模型。结果表明：用地地块尺度上,LST与绿化率、建筑密度和容积率之间均呈现显著的负相关,与建筑底面积和总建筑面积之间均呈现显著的正相关。规则网格尺度序列上,LST与建设强度各指标之间的相关性系数随网格面积的增大而增大,在840 m网格时达到最大值;总体上LST与绿化率之间呈显著的负相关,与建筑密度和容积率之间呈显著的正相关。建筑斑块的尺度上,LST与建筑层数之间有显著的负相关关系,与总建筑面积之间有显著的正相关关系。城市建设强度直接或间接影响了城市热岛的形成与演变,而相关分析发现,建设强度指标并非都与LST之间呈正相关关系,这表明城市热岛除受建设强度的影响外,还受区域气候、城市形态、城市性质、交通方式以及建筑材质与色彩等多种因素的协同影响,是一个非线性的复杂过程。     

基于多岛遗传算法的汽车车身气动优化

为研究不同长细比汽车车身的最优气动性能,基于英国汽车工业研究协会(Motor Industry Research Association, MIRA)阶背模型,利用多岛遗传算法开展不同长细比的汽车车身气动优化.优化结果表明优化模型的气动阻力因数随着长细比的增大而降低.通过改变车身的长细比得到的5种优化模型具有发动机罩倾角、后风窗倾角和尾部上翘角较大,前风窗倾角较小的特点.对8个优化参数进行分析可知：尾部上翘距离和前悬距离对气动特性的影响最大.