Assessment of spray quality from an external mix nozzle and its impact on SQL grinding performance

Spray quality is the critical factor which decides the efficacy of Small Quantity Lubrication (SQL) technology in a high specific energy involved machining process like grinding. Yet, the understanding about spray quality, the actual process mechanics and its effect on machining performance is inadequate. The present work is an attempt to establish a correlation between the spray input variables, quality of the spray and machining performance of SQL grinding through modelling and experiments. Using computational fluid dynamic techniques, the variation of droplet size, droplet velocity, number of droplets and heat transfer coefficient have been analysed at different input parameters and the computed trends have been verified and validated. CFD modelling of spray indicates that it is possible to produce aerosol medium with high heat dissipation ability at moderately high air pressure and low flow rate. It also shows that any increase in atomising air pressure favourably leads to notable increase in wetting area and also results in substantial enhancement in heat dissipation ability. Reduction of residual stress is thus remarkably good. On the other hand, grinding fluid flow rate, if increased, offers significantly better lubricity and reduces the grinding force which also reduces tensile residual stress. Short spell grinding test results are found to be in good agreement with CFD results.     

Second harmonic generation from a ferroelectric film

We derive an expression for transmittivity (T_SHG) of second harmonic generation (SHG) signals from a ferroelectric (FE) film. Intensities of up and down fields in the medium are investigated in relation to T_SHG. The derivations are made based on undepletion of input fields and nonlinear wave equation derived from the Maxwell equations. We present two cases: film without mirrors and with partial mirrors. Expressions for the newly derived nonlinear susceptibility coefficients of SHG for real crystal symmetry [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19 (2002) 2007] are used to get more realistic results. Variations in T_SHG with respect to film thickness are illustrated.     

一种软件实现虚拟景深的方法

影视后期制作或图像合成中，动态实时改变显示画面的景深能进一步增强画面的真实感，但由于实时性要求较高，软件实现在处理速度方面容易产生瓶颈。为此，采用预处理的办法，分别对前景和背景进行低通滤波，得到前、背景各自的模拟帧序列，通过调节前景和背景帧序列的位置，模拟确定其各自的变焦程度，然后将前景和背景动态合成具有虚拟景深效果的画面。     

Elimination of organic matter present in wastewaters from the cork industry by membrane filtration

BACKGROUND: The first stage of the cork industrial process generates great volumes of wastewater with moderate to high organic pollutant content that must be purified using different procedures, such as filtration by membranes. RESULTS: The tangential filtration of these wastewaters was studied using two different laboratory equipments. In the first one, three ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were tested, with molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) 100 kDa and 30 kDa, and two operating modes were used: total recycling of permeate and retentate streams, and in continuous mode, without recycling both streams. In the total recycling UF experiments, the influence of the operating variables on the permeate flux was first established. The effectiveness of the different membranes was determined by evaluating the rejection coefficients for several parameters that measure the global pollutant content of the effluent. The values found for these rejection coefficients were in the following order: ellagic acid and color > absorbance at 254 nm > tannic content > COD (chemical oxygen demand). In the continuous mode experiments, the fouling mechanism for each membrane was established by fitting the experimental data to various filtration fouling models given in the literature. The operating mode in the second equipment was batch concentration, and additional experiments were carried out with an UF membrane (2 kDa), and with a NF membrane (with MWCO in the range 150–300 Da). CONCLUSIONS: The three operating modes tested provided different rejection levels of organic matter; among them, the most effective procedure tested was batch concentration mode using a NF membrane. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

液晶光阀光电导层光吸收系数的研究

用化学气相沉积法制备了液晶光阀中光电导层———非晶硅薄膜,从实验中得出最佳制备工艺的参数取值。给出了用包络线法测量非晶硅薄膜光吸收系数的原理,测量了样品的光吸收系数随波长的变化规律。得到样品在最佳工艺条件下的光吸收系数高于1×103cm-1。     

Study on Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in RE Oxide Minerals

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Rolling and Lifting Probabilities for Sediment Entrainment

This study addresses the rolling and lifting probabilities for sediment entrainment by incorporating the probabilistic features of the turbulent fluctuation and bed grain geometry. The lognormally distributed instantaneous velocity and uniformly distributed initial grain position, along with a relation between lift coefficient and particle Reynolds number, are used to extend the theoretical formulation of the entrainment probabilities in smooth-bed flows. The two threshold conditions identified herein enable us to precisely define the probabilities of entrainment in the rolling and lifting modes. The results obtained in this study coincide well with the published data. The lifting probability increases monotonously with the dimensionless shear stress θ, which is consistent with the earlier results yet displays improved agreement with the experimental data. The maximum value of rolling probability, with a magnitude of 0.25, occurs at θ ≈ 0.15. For θ<0.05 (or θ>0.6), the rolling (or lifting) probability makes up more than 90% of the total entrainment probability and thus can be used as an approximation to the total probability of entrainment. The proposed rolling and lifting probabilities are further linked to the two separate criteria for incipient motion to explore the critical entrainment probabilities. The results reveal that a consistent probability corresponding to the critical state of sediment entrainment cannot be found.     

Temperature Oscillation Calorimetry: Robustness analysis of different algorithms for the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient

Applicability of different temperature oscillation calorimetry algorithms, previously proposed in the literature, for the evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient during the course of the reaction, is analysed by referring to the experimental data from a methyl methacrylate polymerisation reactor.Results are coincident in the nominal case (no errors on data), while differences appear in the elaboration of real data. The effect of uncertainty in the experimental data has been simulated in terms of error on the amplitude and on the phase of reactor and jacket temperature profiles.This approach allows to indicate algorithms having the best robustness properties and to give an explanation of phase errors in terms of a lumped parameter which accounts for different phenomena, not included in the basic hypotheses of the method. Based on this observation, a procedure to eliminate this source of errors from experimental data is proposed for the more general algorithm presented to handle oscillating temperature profiles generated by different techniques.     

大电流监测信号提取的光收发及信号处理

近年来,大电流的监测成了人们十分关心的问题,这是由于大电流有强磁、高压、电流大等一系列的直接监测所不能克服的问题。这就需要把高压大电流的强电信号,经过提取后变成能在实验室中直接观测的弱电信号。为此,如何从高压大电流的信号中提取出随实时信号变化而实时变化的小信号就变成了一个关键问题。详细介绍了监测信号提取的光收发电路原理和后续信号处理电路,分析了各部分的作用,给出了必要的分析结果。     

铜基催化剂孔隙率对气体有效扩散系数的影响

研究了18种具有不同孔结构参数的粒状铜基甲醇合成催化剂孔隙率对有效扩散系数的影响。结果发现，催化剂微孔孔隙率增大，曲节因子亦增大，扩散阻力增加。将孔隙率与催化剂曲节因子关联，得到了半经验方程，用它可估算催化剂的曲节因子。