Wavefront reduction using graphs,neural networks and genetic algorithm

This paper presents an algorithm for nodal numbering in order to obtain a small wavefront. Element clique graphs are employed as the mathematical models of finite element meshes. A priority function containing five vectors is used, which can be viewed as a generalization of Sloan's function. These vectors represent different connectivity properties of the graph models. Unlike Sloan's algorithm, which uses two fixed coefficients, here, five coefficients are employed, based on an evaluation by artificial neural networks. The networks weights are obtained using a simple genetic algorithm. Examples are included to illustrate the performance of the present hybrid method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在柔性变焦系统中的压力变焦镜

从理论上和实验上对水冷镜的镜面曲率半径随压力变化的规律作了研究。对压力变形后镜面相对于球面作了波像差分析，分析表明压力变焦镜用于中红外激光系统是合适的     

Flashover voltage characteristics of contaminated station insulators under temporary ac overvoltages in the ac system connected with a frequency converter station

According to the recent analysis results of temporary ac overvoltage in the ac system connected with a frequency converter station, large-magnitude over-voltages were confirmed to occur under some special system conditions. Most of the station insulators currently used cannot withstand such overvoltages according to an evaluation based on the data obtained earlier. The necessity of tests to be done to evaluate such performance more accurately was recognized. Both power frequency and switching impulse overvoltage flashover tests were made on contaminated insulators by the method well simulating the natural wetting condition. Switching impulse flashover voltage with the waveshape having a long wavefront time of 2 ms can be well correlated with the flashover voltage characteristics of temporary ac overvoltage. Higher flashover voltage characteristics were obtained by a clean fog test method compared with those obtained by equivalent fog test method.     

直接斜率波前复原算法的控制效果分析

建立自适应光学系统功率谱抑制函数的概念，分析了采用直接斜率波前复原算法的自适应当光学系统的控制效果，理论分析与６１单元自适应光学系统上的实验结果表明，直接斜率波前复原算法将导致控制效果下降。     

一种三维复杂介质波前时间的高精度数值算法

基于水平集的波前扩展算法,如FMM(Fast Marching Method)、GMM(Group Marching Method),作为一类计算复杂介质波前时间的有效方法而被广泛使用.该类算法都是基于程函方程的有限差分格式来计算波传播时间,在介质离散单元尺寸较大的情况下,计算精度较低.为提高波前时间的计算精度,在一个长方体单元内,将任意点的波传播时间用已知节点上波前时间的插值函数表示,然后根据Fermat原理确定未知节点上的波前时间,再结合高效率的GMM算法,形成了一种计算三维复杂介质波前时间的有效算法.数值模拟实验表明,与原GMM算法相比,该算法大大提高了波前时间的计算精度,同时具有很强的稳定性和适应性.     

Simple characterisation of a deformable mirror inside a high numerical aperture microscope using phase diversity

We present a simple and versatile scheme for characterising amplitude and phase modulation by an active element, such as a deformable mirror, in the pupil plane of a high NA microscope. By placing a mirror in the vicinity of the focal plane of the objective and recording images of the reflected focal spot on a camera, we show that reliable measurements of the influence function of the mirror actuators in the pupil plane of the objective can be obtained using an iterative electric field retrieval algorithm. Compared to direct wavefront sensors, the proposed method allows characterisation for a variety of objectives with different NA and pupil sizes without modification of the setup, requires minimal space inside the microscope, and can be used with pulsed sources such as used for multiphoton microscopy. In order to validate our method, we compare our data to the results obtained with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, and show that comparable precision is achieved.     

基于子孔径斜率离散采样的波前重构

由于现有评价与测试方法不能满足3~4m地基光电探测系统在不同仰角下对光学系统波前检测的需求,本文提出了基于子孔径斜率离散采样,再重构全口径波面轮廓的波像差测试方法。采用光学模拟与数学分析协同仿真的方法,研究了波面重构算法的不确定度以及扫描运动引起的子孔径倾斜误差、子孔径扫描位置误差、像点坐标测量误差与波前复原精度间的作用规律。仿真结果显示,迭代算法的相对误差ΔPV为0.002 8λ(λ=632.8nm),模式算法的相对误差ΔPV为0.002 7λ。当子孔径倾斜误差小于0.2″,波面重构误差ΔPV约为0.02λ。当子孔径采样位置精度优于0.2mm,其引入的波面重构误差小于0.04nm(PV);当子孔径像点坐标提取精度优于5μm,波面重构误差ΔPV约为0.03λ。研究结果表明,当考虑波面重构过程中的实际测量误差时,模式算法的误差容限较高,收敛性更好。此外,构建实际测试装置时,需引入角度监测与算法误差补偿机制,子孔径倾斜角度监测系统的测角精度需优于0.2″。     

Experiments of two pupil lateral motion tracking algorithms using a Shack–Hartmann sensor

Pupil stability is one of the factors which limit the performance and operational stability of adaptive optics (AO) systems. This paper analyses two pupil-tracking methods to measure the lateral pupil shift: the first one utilizes the fluxes in all outer edge sub-apertures of a Shack–Hartmann sensor and the second one utilizes the real-time interaction matrix used in an AO system. Experiments with 9?×?9 Shack–Hartmann sensor are conducted to verify both pupil-tracking algorithms. The results show that both algorithms are effective, after two correction steps, the residual pupil shift is reduced to less than 5% of a Shack–Hartmann sub-aperture.     

An ocular wavefront sensor based on binary phase element: design and analysis

A modal wavefront sensor for ocular aberrations exhibits two main advantages compared to a conventional Shack–Hartmann sensor. As the wavefront is detected in the Fourier plane, the method is robust against local loss of information (e.g. local opacity of ocular lens as in the case of cataract), and is not dependent on the spatial distribution of wavefront sampling. We have proposed a novel method of wavefront sensing for ocular aberrations that directly detects the strengths of Zernike aberrations. A multiplexed Fourier computer-generated hologram has been designed as the binary phase element (BPE) for the detection of second-order and higher-order ocular aberrations (HOAs). The BPE design has been validated by comparing the simulated far-field pattern with the experimental results obtained by displaying it on a spatial light modulator. Simulation results have demonstrated the simultaneous wavefront detection with an accuracy better that ～λ/30 for a measurement range of ±2.1λ with reduced cross-talk. Sensor performance is validated by performing a numerical experiment using the City data set for test waves containing second-order and HOAs and measurement errors of 0.065?µm peak-to-valley (PV) and 0.08?µm (PV) have been obtained, respectively.     

Advancement of an Interferometric Flow Velocity Measurement Technique by Adaptive Optics

Flow measurements often take place under difficult conditions. Optical flow measurement techniques are affected by variations of the refractive index, caused e.g., by temperature, concentration, or pressure gradients. This will give rise to an increased measurement uncertainty or cause the measurement to fail. To overcome these limitations, we propose the employment of adaptive optics. In this contribution we present interferometric flow velocity measurements through a fluctuating air-water interface by the use of adaptive optics. Using the adaptive optics, the rate of valid measurement signals can be improved from 28% to 83%. The results are promising to enable measurements in difficult environments affected by refractive index variations which were not accessible so far.