阴,阳离子聚合物地层内凝胶化改善水驱效果的研究

研究了一杆阴离子聚合物（Ａｃ５３０）和一种阳离子聚合物（Ｍｂ５８１）在水溶液中形成凝胶的条件和过程、凝胶化学结构、形态、稳定性和力学性能。在模拟地层的二维微观模型内观测了两种聚合物驱替渗流、相逼、形成凝胶、凝胶封堵大孔道的机理。在亲水填砂模型内测定了阴、阳离子聚合物凝胶体系降低渗透率的能力。     

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a well-defined poly(butadiene 1,3)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer

For the first time, order-order and order-disorder transitions were detected and characterized in a model diblock copolymer of poly(butadiene-1,3) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PB-b-PDMS). This model PB-b-PDMS copolymer was synthesized by the sequential anionic polymerization (high vacuum techniques) of butadiene 1,3 (B) and hexamethylciclotrisiloxane (D₃), and subsequently characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C NMR), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Small-Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheology. SAXS combined with rheological experiments shows that the order-order and order-disorder transitions are thermoreversible. This fact indicates that the copolymer has sufficient mobility at the timescale and at the temperatures of interest to reach their equilibrium morphologies.     

低浓度的阴离子洗涤剂实验室内的质量控制

在环境监测中低浓度的阴离子洗涤剂实验室内质量控制应采取以下措施：空白试验值测定，检出限的确定，空白试验的质量控制图，校准曲线的检验，标准样品的测定。     

Synthesis and self-association in aqueous media of poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(ethyl glycidyl carbamate) amphiphilic block copolymers

New temperature sensitive AB, ABA, and BAB amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) and hydrophobic poly(ethyl glycidyl carbamate) blocks were synthesized by anionic polymerization followed by chemical modification reactions. The self-association of the block copolymers in aqueous media was studied by UV-vis spectroscopy and dynamic and static light scattering. The obtained block copolymers spontaneously form micelles in aqueous media. The critical micellization concentration varied from 0.5 to 4 g/L depending on the copolymer architecture and composition. The influence of the temperature upon the self-association of the block copolymers was investigated. The increase of temperature did not affect the value of the critical micellization concentration, but led to the formation of better defined micelles with narrow size distribution.     

路易氏碱在阴离子聚合领域中的应用 Ⅱ.活化作用

路易氏碱在阴离子聚合领域中用途十分广泛，其重要性有待进一步认识。本文仅介绍它对活性种（包括引发剂和活性聚合链末端）的活化作用。     

Formulating middle-phase microemulsions using mixed anionic and cationic surfactant systems

Although mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can show great synergism, their potential to precipitate and form liquid crystals has limited their use. Previous studies have shown that alcohol addition can prevent liquid crystal formation, thereby allowing formation of middle-phase microemulsions with mixed anionic-cationic systems. This research investigates the role of surfactant selection in designing alcohol-free anionic-cationic microemulsions. Microemulsion phase behavior was studied for three anionic-cationic surfactant systems and three oils of widely varying hydrophobicity [trichloroethylene (TCE), hexane, and n-hexadecane]. Consistent with our hypothesis, using a branched surfactant and surfactants with varying tail length allowed us to form alcohol-free middle-phase microemulsion using mixed anionic-cationic systems (i.e., liquid crystals did not form). The anionic to cationic molar ratio required to form middle-phase microemulsions approached 1∶1 for univalent surfactants as oil hydrophobicity increased (i.e., TCE to hexane to n-hexadecane); even for these equimolar systems, liquid crystal formation was avoided. To test the use of these anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures in surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation, we performed soil column studies: Greater than 95% of the oil was extracted in 2.5 pore volumes using an anionic-rich surfactant system. By contrast, cationic-rich systems performed very poorly (<1% oil removal), reflecting significant losses of the cationic-rich surfactant system in the porous media. The results thus suggest that, when properly designed, anionic-rich mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can be efficient for environmental remediation. By corollary, other industrial applications and consumer products should also find these mixtures advantageous.     

用1G／2G复合调节剂进行丁二烯阴离子聚合的研究

在环已烷中，以正丁基锂引发的丁二烯阴离子聚合，采用１Ｇ／２Ｇ复合调节剂，研究了１Ｇ／２Ｇ复合调节剂对聚丁二烯微观结构及聚合动力学的影响。实验结果表明：１Ｇ与２Ｇ复合调节剂对聚丁二烯微观结构的调节能力强于１Ｇ或２Ｇ单一调节剂。聚合速度与单体浓度呈一次方关系，并分别求得不同温度下的单体一级反应速度常数（Ｋ″ｐ）及表观增长活化能（Ｅ′ｐ）。     

Activity and stability ofPenicillium cyclopium lipase in surfactant and detergent solutions

Activity and stability of an alkaline lipase fromPenicillium cyclopium var.album (PG 37) were studied in surfactant and detergent solutions. Three anionic surfactants [Na salts of C₁₂SO₄ ^? (sodium dodecyl sulfate), C₁₂ØSO₃/^? (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate), and C₁₁COO^? (laurate)] and four homologous series of nonionic surfactants of C_12–15 polyoxethylenated fatty alcohols (AEO₃, AEO₅, AEO₇, and AEO₉) were evaluated. At a concentration range of 3.2–40 μM, sodium dodecyl sulfate and laurate stimulated the activity of PG 37 lipase. At concentrations greater than 5.6 μM, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate inhibited PG 37 lipase activity. Nonionic surfactants, AEO₅ and AEO₇, in the concentration range of 0.25–20 mM, enhanced and stabilized the activity of PG 37 lipase. The presence of PG 37 lipase in detergent formulaton improved detergency ～20%. The mechanism of inhibition of the lipolytic activity of PG 37 lipase is proposed to be partly due to the formation of inactive (BR)_n-E complex between the hydrophobic moiety of the surfactants and the surface of the lipase. Conversely, formation of a soluble (RB)_n-E complex between the hydrophilic group of the surfactant and lipase may account for the increased lipolytic activity of PG 37 lipase.     

荧光分光光度法测定石油中阴离子表面活性剂

用荧光分光光度法测定原油中所含的阴离子表面活性剂。结果表明，该法灵敏度高、检出限低、有很好的选择性，适合于复杂体系的测定。