Preparation and evaluation of zolmitriptan submicron emulsion for rapid and effective nasal absorption in beagle dogs

Submicron emulsion was prepared for rapid and effective nasal absorption of zolmitriptan (ZT). The different charge inducers and pH values of the formulations were evaluated to optimize the formulations. Submicron emulsion prepared by using stearylamine as positive charge inducer with pH of 5.0 was stable and most of ZT was freely dispersed in the aqueous phase of the preparation. In vitro release study demonstrated that ZT from the submicron emulsion preparation could be released as fast as that from the solution preparation. The pharmacokinetics was studied after intranasal administration of the submicron emulsion and solution preparation of ZT to beagle dogs. ZT from the submicron emulsion was absorbed much more rapidly and the absolute availability of the submicron emulsion preparation was significantly higher compared with the solution preparation. The nasal ciliotoxicity of the preparations was evaluated by using in situ toad palate model, which indicated that the submicron emulsion of ZT did not exhibit any obvious nasal ciliotoxicity. These results demonstrated that the submicron emulsion preparation of ZT was a relatively safe dosage form for rapid and effective intranasal delivery of ZT.     

超声引导双心房输注技术对犬急性肺动脉高压血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨超声引导双心房输注技术对犬急性肺动脉高压（APH）血流动力学的影响.方法 将健康成年杂种犬10只按随机数字表法分为超声引导组（A组）、开胸组（B组） 2组,每组5只.2组均采用氯胺酮10 mg·kg-1肌内注射进行麻醉,按经肺动脉注入血栓栓塞法建立犬APH模型,建模成功后：A组通过Swan-Ganz漂浮导管至右心房给予前列腺素E1脂微球载体制剂（Lipo-PGE1）20Jng·kg-1·min-1,通过超声引导,经股动脉逆行置入左心导管至左心房,给予去氧肾上腺素2 μg·kg-1·min-1;B组通过Swaw-Ganz导管至右心房给予A组相同剂量的前列腺素E1脂微球载体制剂,经胸正中切口开胸,经左心耳分别插入左心导管,给予A组相同剂量去氧肾上腺素.测量2组麻醉前（T1）,建模成功后给药前（T2）,给药后10tmin（T3）、30 min（T4）、60 min（T5）的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、中心静脉压（CVP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、肺毛细血管楔压（PCWP）和心排出量（CO）,计算心指数（CI）、全肺阻力指数（PVRI）和体循环阻力指数（SVRI）,并检测各时点的血浆LDH3.结果 2组均制模成功.与T2比较：2组T3-T5 时段MPAP、PVRI值均有显著下降（P＜0.05）; 2组T3-T5 时段CI、MAP和SVRI值均有所上升,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）; 2组T4、T5 时段LDH3值均有显著下降（P＜0.05）.各观察指标2组间各时点比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 超声引导双心房输注给予前列腺素E1脂微球载体制剂和去氧肾上腺素能够有效地降低肺动脉高压,同时改善心脏做功,提高CI,降低对体循环血流动力学的影响,改善急性肺动脉高压低心排出量;在减小创伤的同时达到与开胸双心房输注同样效果.     

Issues in defining and assessing features of attachment figures: Reply to Kobak (2009).

This reply to Kobak’s (see record 2009-12106-002) comments on my article (see record 2009-12106-001) on dogs as attachment figures addresses three issues in defining and assessing features of attachment figures. These include whether some features are more critical than other features, different ways of assessing safe haven as a critical feature of an attachment figure, and whether attachment hierarchies are necessary to identify figures who fulfill the feature of safe haven. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dogs' ( Canis familaris ) responsiveness to human pointing gestures.

In a series of 3 experiments, dogs (Canisfamiliaris) were presented with variations of the human pointing gesture; gestures with reversed direction of movement, cross-pointing, and different arm extensions. Dogs performed at above chance level if they could see the hand (and index finger) protruding from the human body contour. If these minimum requirements were not accessible, dogs still could rely on the body position of the signaler. The direction of movement of the pointing arm did not influence the performance. In summary, these observations suggest that dogs are able to rely on relatively novel gestural forms of the human communicative pointing gesture and that they are able to comprehend to some extent the referential nature of human pointing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer during Surface Pasteurization of Hot Dogs with Vacuum-Steam-Vacuum Technology

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to validate the fundamental heat-transfer mechanism governing the process of vacuum-steam-vacuum surface pasteurization of hot dogs. It was hypothesized that the steam could not directly flow into the pores below the surface of hot dogs, and the heat was transferred into these areas by conduction. A numerical analysis program was first developed to estimate the heat-transfer coefficient between steam and hot dogs and was then used to simulate the temperature distribution at different locations below the surface. The hypothesis and computer simulation model were successfully validated using hot dogs surface-inoculated with Listeria innocua . Results showed that the heat from saturated steam must be conducted into the interior to kill L. innocua harboring in the pores and irregularities below the surface of hot dogs. Results of computer simulation and biological validation also suggested that heating must be maintained at 138 °C for at least 25 s to achieve a complete elimination (> 8 log colony-forming units per gram) of L. innocua from hot dogs.     

Dogs (Canis familiaris) learn their owners via observation in a manipulation task.

Eighty-seven pet dogs (Canis familiaris) were involved in an experiment in which they had to solve a task to obtain a ball. After witnessing a full demonstration by their owner (10 times pushing the handle of the box, which released a ball), most dogs preferred to touch the handle sooner and more frequently in comparison with other parts of the box, and they used the handle to get the ball. In contrast dogs in 3 control groups developed their own respective methods. The lack of emergence of the ball and playing after the demonstration did not affect the learning performance strongly. This suggests that in dogs the outcome of a demonstration plays only a restricted role in the manifestation of social learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Do Dogs (Canis familiaris) Understand Invisible Displacement?

Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) perform above chance on invisible displacement tasks despite showing few other signs of possessing the necessary representational abilities. Four experiments investigated how dogs find an object that has been hidden in 1 of 3 opaque boxes. Dogs passed the task under a variety of control conditions, but only if the device used to displace the object ended up adjacent to the target box after the displacement. These results suggest that the search behavior of dogs was guided by simple associative rules rather than mental representation of the object's past trajectory. In contrast, Experiment 5 found that on the same task, 18- and 24-month-old children showed no disparity between trials in which the displacement device was adjacent or nonadjacent to the target box. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Comparative Study of the Use of Visual Communicative Signals in Interactions Between Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Humans and Cats (Felis catus) and Humans.

Dogs' (Canis familiaris) and cats' (Felis catus) interspecific communicative behavior toward humans was investigated. In Experiment 1, the ability of dogs and cats to use human pointing gestures in an object-choice task was compared using 4 types of pointing cues differing in distance between the signaled object and the end of the fingertip and in visibility duration of the given signal. Using these gestures, both dogs and cats were able to find the hidden food; there was no significant difference in their performance. In Experiment 2, the hidden food was made inaccessible to the subjects to determine whether they could indicate the place of the hidden food to a naive owner. Cats lacked some components of attention-getting behavior compared with dogs. The results suggest that individual familiarization with pointing gestures ensures high-level performance in the presence of such gestures; however, species-specific differences could cause differences in signaling toward the human. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Antilisterial effects of free fatty acids and monolaurin in beef emulsions and hot dogs

This study was undertaken to screen fatty acids, conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA), and monolaurin for antilisterial effects in broth, and to further test the active compounds in cooked comminuted beef and hot dogs. Capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, CLA and monolaurin were screened in sterile nutrient broth at concentrations of 5 to 700 μg/ml. The media were inoculated with 10³ cfu/ml of L. monocytogenes strain Scott A and incubated at 32°C for up to 8 days. Cell enumeration data showed that lauric acid was most inhibitory, followed by monolaurin, and capric acid. Tests in comminuted sterile beef stored at 5°C for 21 days showed log cfu/g of: 8.5 (control), 7.3 (500 μg/g lauric acid), and 4.7 (500 lauric acid+300 capric acid). Similar results were observed in beef hot dog emulsion to which lauricidin, lauric acid, capric acid, and the acid combination were added prior to heat treatment. At 500 μg/g, monolaurin and lauric acid caused similar delayed growth effects at 5°C, whereas the combination of the two acids showed enhanced inhibition on prolonged storage. Nonetheless, the observed 5-log increase in numbers of L. monocytogenes during 45 days of storage indicates limited control of the pathogen in refrigerated cooked meat products.     

斜巷自动捕车器在张双楼矿的应用

针对目前多数煤矿井下斜巷使用机械触发式捕车器存在的问题,介绍了张双楼矿排水下山利用斜巷装设的综合监控装置,对行驶车辆车速的监控功能及在捕车器的挡车栏(门)上增设缓冲机构,实现了斜巷捕车器的自动控制,推广应用该装置取得显著的经济效益和社会效益.