Methodology for optimization of pouring variables using bottom pour for low masses of SS304 (<300 kg) in investment casting process (case study)

Bottom pour ladles with stopper rod systems are commonly used in the metal casting industry. However, stopper rod bottom-pouring systems have not yet been developed for the lower thermal masses of alloys typically used in the investment casting industry. Large thermal masses used with bottom pour systems are typically limited for ladles larger than 700 kg and to certain alloys with higher fluidity and longer solidification time like cast iron, aluminum alloys etc. In this study, bottom pour ladle designs and low thermal mass refractory systems have been developed and evaluated in production investment foundry trials with 300 kg pouring ladle. The ladles system and pouring practices used will be described along with the results from the pouring trials for SS304 that represents typical alloys used in Investment casting industries. Optimization of the variables used in an experimentation using Genetic algorithm is also explained.     

狭缝型透气砖在VOD钢包上的应用

介绍了刚玉质狭缝型透气砖在３０ｔＶＯＤ精炼炉中的应用，使用表明，该透气砖使用寿命长，供气特性好，综合效益显著。     

基于数据挖掘的底水油藏开发预测新方法

底水油藏开发过程中受强底水、油柱高度低、地层原油黏度大、隔夹层分布复杂等因素影响,导致单井开发效果差异大。为解决目前常规方法所存在的多因素数据分析量大、应用局限性大等缺点,提出基于BP神经网络数据挖掘算法的底水油藏水平井可采储量预测新方法,通过数模机理模型分析了该方法的可靠性。针对底水油藏静动态资料,充分挖掘隐含其中的有效信息,在完成基础数据集建立的基础上,构建了基于数据驱动的底水油藏可采储量预测模型。实际应用结果表明,该方法实现了底水油藏水平井开发的影响因素和技术参数界限的定量分析,可采储量预测最大误差低于8%,拟合效果较好,可进一步应用于底水油藏水平井生产动态、开发界限、井位设计等方面。     

Neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle size

This study measures the neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle sizes. We examine the effect of particle size on the weathering process, a method popularly used for stabilization of heavy metals in incineration of bottom ash. The distribution of particle sizes in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is rather broad, ranging from fine powder to as large as 40 mm in diameter. Although considered a by-product highly suitable as a road construction material, the high level of heavy metal leaching is an obstacle to its reuse. Weathering, a method used to reduce heavy metal leaching, is a lengthy process taking over thee months to complete. The chief reaction involved in weathering is carbonation occurring between Ca(OH)2 in bottom ash and CO₂(g) in the atmosphere. During this process, CaCO₃ is produced, causing the pH level to drop from over 12 to about 8.2 and reducing heavy metal leaching. In this paper, we attempt to determine the particle size best suited for reducing the period required for weathering bottom ash by identifying characteristics of different particle sizes that affect heavy metal leaching and neutralization.     

Aspects of moisture kinetics of coal bottom ash in concrete

The moisture kinetics aspects of composite granular material samples composed of natural sand and bottom ash (BA) from thermoelectric power stations and the use of this material in the production of durable concretes, in relation to water transport, are here discussed. The evaluations of the phenomenon of water absorption by capillarity and the loss of water through air drying until hygroscopic equilibrium, were carried out in accordance with classic procedures found in the literature and also newly developed procedures. The results showed that due to the high porosity of BA, the water absorption by capillarity along with the absorption velocity were higher in the compositions with greater BA content. The values for moisture equilibrium from air drying, absorption from capillarity and sorptivity obtained in the hygroscopic equilibrium tests, carried out on the same samples after absorption, were also higher in the samples with BA. These samples also requited a longer drying time.     

Approximate bottom contribution to remote sensing reflectance in Taihu Lake, China

Remote sensing is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatial and temporal trends in lake ecosystems. A major challenge in using these approaches is determining the possible influence of reflectance from submerged vegetation or the lake bottom. In the present study, we examine the water leaving radiance measured in a large number of sites in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in southeast China. Due to the high concentrations of suspended sediment and phytoplankton biomass, a majority of the lake can be considered optically deep (i.e. bottom reflectance could be ignored). However, optically shallow waters were present in the shallow bays on the eastern side of the lake. In these areas, submerged vegetation was present. To explore the contribution of the lake bottom and submerged vegetation on remotely sensed reflectance, we compared two modeling approaches (Hydrolight and the LEE). The results show that differences in optical and physical characteristics of the lake bottom strongly influence the spectral characteristics of the measured reflectance. The resulting impact on the estimate of chlorophyll-a concentrations was tested using datasets with and without sites where bottom effects may occur. A significant improvement in the predictive capacity of the reflectance based estimated of phytoplankton biomass was made when areas with bottom influences were removed from the calibration procedure.     

深覆盖层河道闸坝电站防沙布置试验研究

某闸坝式水电站坝址覆盖层深厚,河道欠宽阔,发电引用流量比例较高,受调节库容限制,库区泥沙将很快输移到达坝前,引水防沙问题突出。本文对施工围堰作为其电站枢纽引水防沙体系的效果进行了水工模型试验研究和分析。对四种挡沙坎布置型式进行了对比试验研究。表明,利用原有挡水围堰,结合纵向挡沙坎与排沙底孔联合作用既有利于施工方便,拉沙效果又较好,可达到电站＂门前清＂,较好的解决了大流量闸坝式电站的引水与防沙之间的矛盾。本研究成果的成功实施可减少工程投资,缩短工期,尤其对于在低水头、大单宽的多沙河流上修建的闸坝工程具有较好的借鉴意义。     

双基地海底散射SSA模型角度特性仿真研究

由海底散射引起的混响是影响双基地声纳性能的重要因素之一,为了通过合理配置双基地声纳各角度来减小海底散射对双基地声纳的影响,基于小斜度近似(SSA)理论,建立了双基地海底散射强度模型.给出了散射强度与双基地声纳各角度之间的关系式.仿真结果表明.海底散射强度与双基地声纳各角度配置关系复杂,随着各角度配置的不同,散射强度会有很大的变化,但在镜反射方向上取得最大值.小斜度近似在整个入射角范围内较为准确,是一种处理粗糙面声散射问题的好方法.     

Effects of bottom profile on the circulation and classification of particles in cylindrical hydrocyclones

The cylindrical hydrocyclone has been increasingly used in coarse classification due to its reduced fine particle entrainment, but the loss of coarse particles to overflow remains an intractable problem. Based on the notion that the strong circulation flow caused by the flat bottom structure bears primary responsibility for the problem, this study designs eight unique bottom profiles to regulate the particle circulating flow and attempts to correlate particle circulation flow with classification performance. The effects of the bottom profile on flow field characteristics, particle spatial distribution, circulation flow rates, and grade efficiency are explored in detail using validated models in a Φ200 mm cylindrical hydrocyclone. The findings suggest that bottom profiles have the greatest effect on the axial velocity near the bottom and the grade efficiency of intermediate and coarse particles, while all unique designs have the potential to lower turbulence intensity. An ascending segment near the wall or a descending segment near the axis can help to mitigate the misplacement of coarse particles by reducing particle circulation flow without affecting the entrainment of fines appreciably. Additionally, two circles are found on each side of the cut plane, which is conducive to releasing coarse particles from the circulation flow. Regulation of particle circulation flow by adjusting bottom profile parameters can improve separation performance.     

A quantitative model for software engineering trends

Many decision-makers in industry, government and academia routinely make decisions whose outcome depends on the evolution of software technology trends. Even though the stakes of these decisions are usually very high, decision makers routinely depend on expert opinions and qualitative assessments to model the evolution of software technology; both of these sources of decision-making information are subjective, are based on opinions rather than facts, and are prone to error. In this paper, we report on our ongoing work to build quantitative models of the evolution of software technology trends. In particular, we discuss how we took specific evolutionary models and merged them into a single (general-purpose) model. The original specific models are derived empirically using statistical methods on trend data we had collected over several years, and have been validated individually; in this paper we further validate the generic (general-purpose) model.