Conceptual design of a high-efficiency absorption cooling cycle

The search for high-efficiency, gas-fired cooling cycles has led to the development of dual-loop absorption machines with cooling coefficients of performance (COPs) in the 1.2 to 1.7 range. This increased performance may call for high generator temperatures, new working fluids or new materials of construction. In most cases, two different sets of working fluids are required. The conceptual design presented here is aimed at obtaining high efficiencies with relatively low temperatures, employing only one set of fluids. The concept consists of two loops coupled in a configuration aimed at minimizing the loss of thermodynamic availability incurred when transferring refrigerant between the loops. The working fluid pair is a solution of lithium bromide-water. The calculated COPs are of the order of 1.8. The cycle relies on an elaborate evaporator-absorber combination. The paper presents the conceptual design, the critical assumptions, and the performance calculations for the concept.     

污垢对冷水机组的影响

通过对两个工程实例的冷水机组测试结果对比分析，得出污垢对冷水机组造成了热阻增加，接热效果变差，制冷量减少以及制冷效率下降等严重后果，并推算出机组由此所带来的运行费用的增加。运行管理人员应该注意对机组加强清洗保养工作，以提高机组的经济运行水平。     

Calculation methods for comparing the performance of pure and mixed working fluids in heat pump applications

Three methods for comparing cycle performance of working fluids, pure as well as non-azeotropic mixtures, are investigated for two applications and for two mixture pairs, HCFC22-CFC114 and HCFC22-HCFC142b, and their pure components. The methods differ in the way of calculating the heat exchange processes. They assume, respectively, equal minimum approach temperatures, equal mean temperature differences and equal heat transfer areas. Changes of coefficient of performance (COP) with composition are explained for all methods. It is shown that transport properties must be taken into account when making rigorous comparisons between working fluids. To predict the relations between fluids with high accuracy, one must use the method with equal heat transfer areas. By the method with equal mean temperature differences, the COP can be estimated with the same accuracy for mixtures as for pure fluids, and can be used for rough estimations of the COP level with different fluids. The method of equal minimum approach temperatures should be avoided for non-azeotropic mixtures.     

采用变回水温度控制策略的空气源热泵空调系统研究

为了提高空气源热泵空调系统运行性能,研究了一套采用变回水温度控制策略的空气源热泵机组的制冷性能。实验研究表明,变回水温度工况可满足室内冷负荷需求。与传统采用定12℃回水温度的空气源热泵空调系统相比,COP更高,耗电量更小,是一种高效节能的空气源热泵空调系统控制方法。此外,所建立的Dymola模型从理论上验证了实验结果,在此基础上模拟实际空调系统的能耗,模拟结果表明,COP由3.99提高至4.39,提高了10%。     

Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with ejector-expansion device

An ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle is proposed to improve the COP of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle by reducing the expansion process losses. A constant pressure mixing model for the ejector was established to perform the thermodynamic analysis of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle. The effect of the entrainment ratio and the pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was investigated for typical air conditioning operation conditions. The effect of different operating conditions on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was also investigated using assumed values for the entrainment ratio and pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector. It was found that the COP of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle can be improved by more than 16% over the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle for typical air conditioning operation conditions.     

Applying grey forecasting to predicting the operating energy performance of air cooled water chillers

Grey forecasting has found applications in finance, social science, economics, etc. However, its applications in air conditioning and refrigeration have not been reported. This paper reports on a study where grey forecasting method is applied to predicting the operating energy performance for an air cooled water chiller (ACWC) units, so as to demonstrate this forecasting approach can be applied to building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) installations. In this paper, a brief introduction of the background and fundamentals of grey forecasting is firstly presented. This is followed by reporting the application of grey forecasting to an ACWC unit installed in Northern China for predicting its operating energy performance using the variation ratio of coefficient of performance (ΔCOP). The predicted values of ΔCOP agreed well with the measured ΔCOP, demonstrating that grey forecasting may be used for predicting the operating energy performance of an ACWC unit with a high accuracy. Finally, the potential use of grey forecasting in fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) or energy management systems (EMSs) for air conditioning and refrigeration systems is assessed, and the comparison with the prediction method based on artificial neural network (ANN) discussed.     

国标中的COP与EER

通过对中华人民共和国国家标准中的COP和EER对比研读,分析了国家标准中的COP和EER的术语解释。COP既用来表示单一的制冷性能系数或制热性能系数,也用来表示制冷及制热性能系数;EER则用来表示制冷能效比,且EER不是独立出现,与此对应的是用来表示制热性能系数COP。     

Heating load and COP optimisations for a universal steady flow endoreversible heat pump model

The heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) of a class of universal steady flow endoreversible heat pump cycle model, which consists of one heating branch, two cooling branches and two adiabatic branches, are optimised using the theory of finite time thermodynamics. The analytical formulae for heating load and COP versus temperature ratio as well as COP versus heating load of the cycle model are derived. Effects of the total heat exchanger inventory on performances of heat pump cycles are shown by detailed numerical examples. The results obtained herein include the optimal performances of endoreversible Otto, Brayton, Atkinson, Diesel, Dual and Carnot heat pump cycles.     

Optimal performance for a steady-flow endoreversible refrigerator model including five typical cycles

The optimal performance of a universal endoreversible steady-flow refrigerator cycle consisting of a constant thermal-capacity heating branch, a constant thermal-capacity cooling branch and two adiabatic branches with heat transfer loss was analysed using finite-time thermodynamics. The analytical formulae about cooling load, coefficient of performance, exergy loss rate, exergy output rate and ecological criterion of the endoreversible steady-flow refrigerator cycle are derived. Moreover, analysis and optimisation of the model were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the cycle process on the performance of the cycles using numerical examples. The results obtained include the performance characteristics of endoreversible steady-flow Carnot, Diesel, Otto, Atkinson and Brayton refrigeration cycles. The results can provide some theoretical guidance for the design of practical refrigerators.