Danish and Norwegian wind industry: The relationship between policy instruments, innovation and diffusion

This article compares the role of policy instruments in stimulating long-term technological change in Danish and Norwegian wind industry. It concludes that although predictability has periodically been low, Denmark's broad portfolio of policies and measures has been well adapted to the different stages in the development of its wind industry. This has contributed to a high degree of innovation, successful establishment in niche markets, high degree of diffusion and establishment of domestic and international mass markets, and—in recent years—an increasingly successful replacement of senescent technology with new. The motivation of Norway's wind energy policies and measures—at least up until the late 1990s—has been to increase power supply rather than to stimulate industrial development and technological change. Policies and measures have been weaker than in Denmark; have been less stable over time; and stimulated the demand side much less. They have not sufficiently covered the wind industry's perceived needs on different stages in the development of new technology, and have not sufficiently stimulated continuous improvement, learning and new product development (dynamic efficiency) in industry. This has been part of the reason why there has been only a limited extent of innovation and diffusion of wind technology in Norway.     

The use of social media in impact assessment: experiences among national infrastructure developers in Denmark

Social media plays an increasingly prominent role in the interaction between impact assessments and society. Impact assessment is thus becoming part of social networks that are claimed to be able to improve interaction between actors in impact assessment processes. By investigating the use of social media in impact assessment and planning processes of national linear infrastructure development, we explore how social media impinge on participatory practices and how the potential of social media is realized in the current use related to public participation processes. The study focuses on experiences among national developers working in road, rail, electricity, gas, and metro infrastructures in Denmark. The article shows that the current use of social media in public participatory practices is limited to branding and on-way communication and that the increasing use of social media in linear infrastructure planning gives rise to a variety of concerns among developers that are related to especially organizational cultures, perception of the target groups, and prioritization of resources.     

How to successfully promote ICT usage: A comparative analysis of Denmark and Japan

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two advanced ICT nations, Japan and Denmark. While Japan is very advanced with respect to its telecommunications infrastructure, Denmark has come further than Japan regarding the use of ICT infrastructures. This paper compares Denmark, a leader in ICT usage, and Japan, which lags in that regard, analyzes differences in institutions, technologies, and services offered, and examines factors contributing to the success of Denmark in promoting ICT usage from a Japanese perspective. Strong governmental leadership, and common techno-infrastructure such as personal ID and digital signature that serve different systems, and user-orientation of service design are the characteristics of Danish efforts absent in Japan.     

执着的探索,丰硕的成果——丹麦儿童游戏场地发展的历程与启示

通过对丹麦儿童游戏场地发展历史的回顾与研究,揭示了19世纪后期至今在其形成、发展和完善的不同阶段,围绕如何为儿童创造良好成长和发展环境的目标,建设和发展游戏场地的情况.其中,重点探讨了推动其发展的原因和特点,总结了丹麦儿童游戏场地设计的6种类型.即传统式、现代式、探索式、自然式、罗宾逊式和浪漫式.最后.提出了丹麦儿童游戏场地的发展经验对发展和建设具有中国特色儿童游戏场地的4点启示,即提高社会的共识、发挥政府的主导、依靠立法的制约和坚持设计的创新.     

Estimated intake of intense sweeteners from non-alcoholic beverages in Denmark

In 1999, 116 samples of non-alcoholic beverages were analysed for the intense sweeteners cyclamate, acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin. High contents of cyclamate close to the maximum permitted level in 1999 of 400 mg l^-1 were found in many soft drinks. The estimated intake of the sweeteners was calculated using the Danish Dietary Survey based on 3098 persons aged 1-80 years. The estimated intake with 90th percentiles of 0.7, 4.0 and 0.2 mg kg^-1 body weight (bw) day^-1 for acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin, respectively, was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values of 15, 40 and 2.5 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1 for acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin, respectively. However, the 90th percentile of the estimated cyclamate intake in 1-3 year olds was close to the ADI value of 7 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1; and the 99th percentile in the 1-10 year olds far exceeded the ADI value. Boys aged 7-10 years had a significantly higher estimated intake of cyclamate than girls. The 90th percentile for the whole population was 1.8 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1. After the reduction in the maximum permitted level in the European Union in 2004 from 400 to 250 mg cyclamate l^-1, the exposure in Denmark can also be expected to be reduced. A new investigation in 2007 should demonstrate whether the problem with high cyclamate intake is now solved.     

童话的建造 2010年上海世博会丹麦馆构筑实录

文章通过对丹麦馆的结构设计、材料选择和施工过程的介绍,试图将丹麦馆的中国建造还原给读者。     

Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems—The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050

This paper presents the methodology and results of the overall energy system analysis of a 100% renewable energy system. The input for the systems is the result of a project of the Danish Association of Engineers, in which 1600 participants during more than 40 seminars discussed and designed a model for the future energy system of Denmark. The energy system analysis methodology includes hour by hour computer simulations leading to the design of flexible energy systems with the ability to balance the electricity supply and demand. The results are detailed system designs and energy balances for two energy target years: year 2050 with 100% renewable energy from biomass and combinations of wind, wave and solar power; and year 2030 with 50% renewable energy, emphasising the first important steps on the way. The conclusion is that a 100% renewable energy supply based on domestic resources is physically possible, and that the first step towards 2030 is feasible to Danish society. However, Denmark will have to consider to which degree the country shall rely mostly on biomass resources, which will involve the reorganisation of the present use of farming areas, or mostly on wind power, which will involve a large share of hydrogen or similar energy carriers leading to certain inefficiencies in the system design.     

Danish initiatives to improve the safety of meat products

During the last two decades the major food safety problems in Denmark, as determined by the number of human patients, has been associated with bacterial infections stemming from meat products and eggs. The bacterial pathogens causing the majority of human infections has been Salmonella and Campylobacter, and to a lesser extent Yersinia, Escherichiacoli O157 and Listeria. Danish initiatives to improve the safety of meat products have focused on the entire production chain from the farm to the consumer, with a special emphasis on the pre-harvest stage of production. The control of bacterial pathogens which are resistant to antibiotics has been a new area of attention in the recent decade, and recently, the increasing globalization of the domestic food supply has called for a complete rethinking of the national food safety strategies. The implementations of a “case-by-case” risk assessment system, as well as increased international collaboration on surveillance, are both elements in this new strategy.     

The Danish afforestation programme and spatial planning: new challenges

Grant-aided field afforestation has been part of agricultural policies across Europe since the implementation of EU-regulation 2080/92. However, the goals of afforestation are changing with increased focus on afforestation as a means of securing environmental and recreational purposes. Using Denmark as an example, the article outlines the goals of the new post-industrial forestry and highlights the importance of the spatial configuration of new woodlands in the landscape. With point of departure in an investigation of two counties, the planning framework for grant-aided field afforestation is analysed and consequences of its application are discussed. It is concluded that the present planning framework for afforestation seems to neglect important spatial concerns within the planning and implementation process. This is a result of uncoordinated strategies applied by the individual actors within the planning structure.     

Understanding technology choice in electricity industries: a comparative study of France and Denmark

The ability to predict how national electricity industries will respond to the challenges of competition and the demand for sustainability requires a good understanding of the nature of technological systems and a workable theory of technology choice. So far, two distinct theoretical perspectives, the economic and socio-political concepts of technological systems, have competed for dominance in policy analysis and policy making. This paper is a comparative study of the way in which the electricity industries of Denmark and France responded to a series of challenges beginning with the 1973 oil crisis and continuing through the present push to liberalise electricity markets. Focussing on the forces that directed technological change in these two nations, I examine the relative importance of economic and socio-political factors. My analysis indicates that socio-political factors which, together, can be described as political traditions have shaped technology choice. The Danish and French electricity industries have pursued several objectives in addition to economic efficiency. This has limited the function of free markets. Thus, they should be understood as political structures whose most important characteristic is the distribution of power. In this context, the economic perspective represents a normative demand for the re-arrangement of political values. Technological choice which radically departs from the status quo implies a significant redistribution of political power and is, therefore, very difficult.