Disassembly sequence planning in a disassembly cell context

In this paper a two-phase approach is proposed for determining the optimal disassembly sequence when the disassembly system has a cellular configuration. Operations are first grouped into cells based on the resources they require with the goal of minimizing machine acquisition costs. The aim is to group together those operations that use similar equipment in order to achieve good utilization levels of such equipment. A maximum cell size may be imposed. Once the cells have been formed and the operations have been assigned to them, a metaheuristic algorithm (namely GRASP) is used to search for the disassembly sequence for each product that leads to the minimum number of intercellular movements. To account for uncertainty regarding the condition in which the product may arrive, each disassembly task is assumed to be required with a certain probability, regardless of the other tasks. AND/OR precedence relations among the disassembly tasks are also considered. The proposed approach is illustrated on a randomly generated disassembly problem.     

基于改进蚁群算法的维修拆卸序列规划

维修拆卸序列规划是整个维修性设计的重要内容。为了能够以较高的效率求解出产品中零件的拆卸方案,依据产品的基本信息和零件之间的约束关系,建立拆卸Petri网可达图,将拆卸序列规划问题转化为对Petri网可达图最优路径的搜索和寻优问题。同时利用蚁群优化算法对组合优化具有高强适应性的特征,改进基本蚁群算法,对可达图模型进行路径寻优,得到最优或次优的拆卸序列。最后通过实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Assembly and Disassembly Processes in Product Life Cycle Perspectives

Industrial companies change the paradigms of business operations from optimisation of manufacturing processes to optimisation of products life cycles in order to activate the value of products, taking into account the potentials of product services in all phases of each product's life. From design to the end of their life capital intensive products, like manufacturing or assembly systems, are linked to a manufacturer network by global communication systems. This network allows special services even in the phases of usage and recycling. For this new paradigm it is necessary to develop strategies, methods and technologies to manage the business processes and the information and knowledge required in all phases of a product's life and to industrialise the processes of design, assembly, usage, service and remanufacturing by disassembly and recycling. It is the objective of this paper to define the processes for management of life cycle with a focus on assembly, service and disassembly of capital intensive products.     

Disassembly sequence planning using a Simplified Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization algorithm

Disassembly Sequence Planning (DSP) is a challenging NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. As a new and promising population-based evolutional algorithm, the Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm has been successfully applied to various research problems. However, TLBO is not capable or effective in DSP optimization problems with discrete solution spaces and complex disassembly precedence constraints. This paper presents a Simplified Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (STLBO) algorithm for solving DSP problems effectively. The STLBO algorithm inherits the main idea of the teaching–learning-based evolutionary mechanism from the TLBO algorithm, while the realization method for the evolutionary mechanism and the adaptation methods for the algorithm parameters are different. Three new operators are developed and incorporated in the STLBO algorithm to ensure its applicability to DSP problems with complex disassembly precedence constraints: i.e., a Feasible Solution Generator (FSG) used to generate a feasible disassembly sequence, a Teaching Phase Operator (TPO) and a Learning Phase Operator (LPO) used to learn and evolve the solutions towards better ones by applying the method of precedence preservation crossover operation. Numerical experiments with case studies on waste product disassembly planning have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed operators and the results exhibited that the developed algorithm performs better than other relevant algorithms under a set of public benchmarks.     

一种基于中断处理机制的动态反汇编算法

传统的反汇编是静态进行的,它难以处理逻辑陷阱、花指令、代码中的数据、动态控制流等问题,这就导致其最终的反汇编结果可能不完整,存在错误.一段特意设计的代码,可以用动态控制流替代静态控制流;一段特意设计的花指令,可以让静态控制流关系任意复杂,这都将使静态反汇编分析难以进行.让代码运行起来,动态地进行反汇编,可以解决上述静态反汇编遇到的问题.结合计算机的中断处理机制,使得代码的实际执行路径是可知的.针对实际执行到的计算机指令进行反汇编,确保了反汇编结果的准确性;反复执行代码,在时间上进行积累,可以确保反汇编结果的完整性不断增加并趋于完整.     

Shellcode静态检测技术研究

缓冲区溢出攻击是网络安全的重大威胁,事先检测是否存在Shellcode是对抗缓冲区溢出攻击的有效手段。从Shellcode构成和特征出发,分类研究各种Sheltcode静态检测技术,分析比较它们的优缺点,在此基础上提出了一种检测方案并实现了一个原型系统。     

Recovery of sensor embedded washing machines using a multi-kanban controlled disassembly line

Product recovery involves the recovery of materials and components from returned or end-of-life products. Disassembly, an element of product recovery, is the systematic separation of an assembly into its components, subassemblies or other groupings. Stricter environmental regulations together with dramatic decrease in natural resources and landfills have increased the importance of disassembly as all product recovery options require some level of disassembly. Due to changes made during the lifetime of a product by customers or service personnel, the number and the version of components prior to disassembly is unknown. Customers may also discriminate between and demand different versions of components. The existence of non-functional components further adds to the uncertainty associated with disassembly yield. Sensors implanted into products during their production can address this uncertainty by providing information on the number, condition and version of components prior to disassembly. In this study, we evaluate the impact of sensor embedded products (SEPs) on the various performance measures of a washing machine (WM) disassembly line controlled by a multi-kanban system, which takes into consideration the highly stochastic behavior of the line while managing material and kanban flows. First, separate design of experiments studies based on orthogonal arrays are performed for conventional products and SEPs. In order to observe the response of each experiment, detailed discrete event simulation (DES) models for both types of products are developed considering the precedence relationships among the components of a WM. Then, pair-wise t-tests are conducted to compare the two cases based on different performance measures. According to the results, SEPs provide significant reductions in all costs (viz., backorder, holding, disassembly, disposal, testing and transportation) while increasing revenue and profit.     

电子电器产品的回收再利用及其关键技术研究

电子电器产品制造业是我国一个庞大的产业领域 ,但废旧电子电器产品的有效回收利用尚没有得到足够的重视。本文结合相关项目的研究 ,阐述了在我国这样一个人均资源占有量很低的国家 ,开展废旧电子电器产品回收利用的重要意义 ,并分析了国内外在废旧电子电器回收利用方面的现状 ;在此基础上 ,探讨了废旧电子电器产品有效回收的途径 ;指出系统地研究废旧电子电器产品的回收过程 ,不仅有利于其产业化、规模化 ,而且可以为电子电器产品的绿色设计提供丰富的数据和知识支持     

Intelligent, flexible disassembly

Semi- or fully-automatised disassembly, especially of electr(on)ic devices, is a a hot topic today and not only because of the standardization by the European Commission (directive on waste from electrical and electronic equipment—WEEE). Usually, only toxic components are removed manually while the rest of the materials are shredded and disposed. Manual disassembly of such devices is today state of the art. Because of this EC regulation and the increasing amount of electronic scrap, manual disassembly will get more and more inefficient in the near future. Therefore, automation of the disassembly process is absolutely necessary. This paper deals with robotized, semi-automatised, flexible disassembly cells for minidisks, printed circuit boards (PCBs) and mobile phones in industrial use. Finally a new concept for modular disassembly cells based on “disassembly families”, mobile robots and multi agent systems (MAS) is presented.     

A bill of materials-based approach for end-of-life decision making in design for the environment

Re-use, recycling or remanufacturing of products and components are good alternatives for reducing the environmental problems resulting from the huge amounts of waste currently arriving at landfills. A new approach is proposed in this paper for enhancing these alternatives from the earliest stages of product design. Given the product structure (obtained from its bill of materials (BOM)) and the joining and geometrical relationships among the components (obtained from the three-dimensional, computer-aided design representation), a model is proposed that will determine the EOL (EOL) strategy, i.e. the depth of disassembly inside the structure and the final end (re-use, recycle, remanufacture or disposal) for each disassembled part leading to the highest profit. A scatter search (SS) metaheuristic is used to determine the disassembly cost at each level of the BOM. The model presents a number of major improvements with respect to previous research. It addresses the problems of simultaneously determining both the best EOL strategy and the disassembly sequence, as well as allowing removal of components not only over the two or three Cartesian axes and affording the possibility of modifying the encountered strategy in a further step so as to fulfil other business criteria (such as disassembly time, resources availability or maximum waste generation rate).