Domain reversal and current transport property in BiFeO3 films

The electrical properties and domain reversal in BiFeO₃ ferroelectric films were studied using sandwiched heterostructures and piezoresponse force microscopy. A robust polarization state was observed, combined with a switchable domain pattern and a remanent polarization of approximately 100 μC cm^?2. In addition, domain reversal was explored using scanning probe microscopy. The results show that dipoles could be reversed along the direction of the electric field under a negative tip bias, leading to carrier gathering near the domain walls. The enhanced conductivity near the domain walls was owing to the discontinuous polarization boundary conditions. In addition, typical diode-like current transport properties are sensitive to various temperature conditions, which is attributed to the Schottky barriers at the contact interface. These findings extend the current understanding of domain texture reversal in ferroelectric films and shed light on their potential applications for future ferroelectric random-access memory operations over a wide temperature range.     

Large domain-wall currents in epitaxial Au/BiFeO3/SrRuO3 thin-film capacitors with modulated oxygen vacancy and wall densities

Large domain wall (DW) conductivity in an insulating ferroelectric plays an important role in the future nanosensors and nonvolatile memories. However, the wall current was usually too small to drive high-speed memory circuits and other agile nanodevices requiring high output-powers. Here, a large domain-wall current of 67.8 μA in a high on/off ratio of ~4460 was observed in an epitaxial Au/BiFeO₃/SrRuO₃ thin-film capacitor with the minimized oxygen vacancy concentration. The studies from read current-write voltage hysteresis loops and piezo-response force microscope images consistently showed remaining of partially unswitched domains after application of an opposite poling voltage that increased domain wall density and wall current greatly. A theoretical model was proposed to explain the large wall current. According to this model, the domain reversal occurs with the appearance of head-to-head and tail-to-tail 180° domain walls (DWs), resulting in the formation of highly conductive wall paths. As the applied voltage increased, the domain-wall number increased to enhance the on-state current, in agreement with the measurements of current-voltage curves. This work paves a way to modulate DW currents within epitaxial Au/BiFeO₃/SrRuO₃ thin-film capacitors through the optimization of both oxygen vacancy and domain wall densities to achieve large output powers of modern domain-wall nanodevices.     

Influence of domain switching process on the electrical fatigue behavior of ferroelectrics

We report an experimental approach, designed based on the recent findings that domain switching in ferroelectric ceramics can be separated into three regimes during antiparallel electric field loading, to investigate the influence of domain switching process on the electrical fatigue behavior of ferroelectrics. Uniaxial compressive stress (−2 MPã -100 MPa) and thermal loading (20 °C–150 °C) were used to tune the domain switching process. Under the same loading condition, the bipolar electrical fatigue behavior of soft lead zirconate titanate ceramics was systematically characterized. The amplitude and frequency of the applied electric field are 2 kV/mm and 10 Hz, respectively. By analyzing the evolution of the domain switching process, combined with the measured polarization and strain response, as well as the cracks observed on the surface of the specimen, it is found that the fatigue of ferroelectric ceramics was mainly related to the domain switching process near the coercive electric field: the regime 2 defined in this paper. The underlying mechanism was further discussed by considering the interplay between the domain switching process with the main factors affecting the electrical fatigue of ferroelectrics, namely defect redistribution, charge carrier injection, and crack initiation.     

两阶段领域自适应学习

针对领域自适应问题中源域和目标域的联合分布差异最小化问题,提出两阶段领域自适应学习方法.在第一阶段考虑样本标签和数据结构的判别信息,通过学习一个共享投影变换,使投影后的共享空间中边缘分布的差异最小.第二阶段利用源域标记数据和目标域非标记数据学习一个带结构风险的自适应分类器,不仅能最小化源域和目标域条件分布差异,还能进一步保持源域和目标域边缘分布的流形一致性.在3个基准数据集上的实验表明,文中方法在平均分类准确率和Kappa系数两项评价指标上均表现较优.     

An overlapping domain decomposition dual reciprocity method

We present a domain decomposition boundary integral equation method for two-dimensional partial differential equations. The overlapping Schwarz method is employed to improve the dual reciprocity boundary element method. The resulting algorithm turns out to be more accurate than a non-overlapping approach previously proposed. Some numerical results showing the improved accuracy and efficiency of the methods are given.     

船闸直立墙基坑开挖与锚固施工程序

三峡船闸深槽开挖与锚固工程量大，工期紧，施工强度高，施工难度大。因此，合理的施工程序有利于边坡稳定和施工，是快速和高质量施工的关键。分析了永久船闸直立墙基坑开挖与锚固施工程序的复杂性和进行研究的必要性。介绍了设计阶段研究船闸开挖与锚固的施工程序。对施工过程中研究施工程序时考虑的因素，研究的主要内容以及实际采用的施工程序作了简要的分析，归纳和总结。     

椭圆型偏微分方程的加法Schwarz方法

1.引 言 古典加法Schwarz方法(ASM)对于一般问题收敛很慢,在大多数情况下, ASM只能作为预条件子.另一方面,ASM的并行性能非常好,尤其适合大规模粗粒度并行计算,近年来随着并行机系统及并行计算的兴起,ASM重新受到重视.许多学者研究了怎样提高ASM的收敛速度[1,2,4].他们发现加法Schwarz方法之所以收敛慢是由于在内边界上采用     

RS码频域纠错编码在激光对潜通信信道中的实现方法

介绍了信道编码在激光对潜通信系统中的重要作用，介绍了频域编译ＲＳ码的基本方法，并给出了脉冲位置调制信道的ＲＳ码频域编译码的计算机模拟方法和结果。     

Restricted overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods and restricted coarse problems for the Helmholtz problem

Overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods and their combination with restricted additive Schwarz methods are proposed for the Helmholtz equation. These new methods also extend previous work on non-overlapping balancing domain decomposition methods toward simplifying their coarse problems and local solvers. They also extend restricted Schwarz methods, originally designed to overlapping domain decomposition and Dirichlet local solvers, to the case of non-overlapping domain decomposition and/or Neumann and Sommerfeld local solvers. Finally, we introduce coarse spaces based on partitions of unity and planes waves, and show how oblique projection coarse problems can be designed from restricted additive Schwarz methods. Numerical tests are presented.     

Effect of electricity tariff on the optimum insulation-thickness in building walls as determined by a dynamic heat-transfer model

Thermal insulation is one of the most effective energy-conservation measures in buildings. Despite the widespread use of insulation materials in recent years, little is known regarding their optimum thickness under dynamic thermal conditions. Insulated concrete blocks are among the units most commonly used in the construction of building walls in Saudi Arabia. Typically, the insulation layer thickness is fixed at a value in the range 2.5–7.5 cm, regardless of the climatic conditions, type and cost of insulation material, and other economic parameters. In the present study, a numerical model based on a finite-volume, time-dependent implicit procedure, which has been previously validated, is used to compute the yearly cooling and heating transmission loads under steady periodic conditions through a typical building wall, for different insulation thicknesses. The transmission loads, calculated by using the climatic conditions of Riyadh for a west-facing wall, are fed into an economic model in order to determine the optimum thickness of insulation (L_opt). The latter corresponds to the minimum total cost, which includes the cost of insulation material and its installation plus the present value of energy consumption cost over the lifetime of the building. The optimum insulation thickness depends on the electricity tariff as well as the cost of insulation material, lifetime of the building, inflation and discount rates, and coefficient of performance of the air-conditioning equipment. In the present study, the effect of electricity tariff on the computed optimum insulation thickness is investigated. Different average electricity tariffs are considered; namely, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 SR/kWh (designated as Cases 1–5, respectively; 1 US$ = 3.75 Saudi Riyals). Results using moulded polystyrene as an insulating material show that the values of L_opt are: 4.8, 7.2, 10.9, 13.7 and 16.0 cm for Cases 1–5. Under the conditions of optimal insulation thickness for each electricity tariff, Case 1 gives the lowest total cost of 17.4 SR/m², while Case 5 gives the highest total cost of 53.1 SR/m². Corresponding thermal performance characteristics in terms of yearly total and peak transmission loads, R-value, time lag and decrement factor are presented.