Roles of minor additions in formation and properties of bulk metallic glasses

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are of current interest worldwide in materials science and engineering because of their unique properties. Exploring BMGs materials becomes one of the hottest topics in the materials science field. To date, there is very active worldwide development of new BMGs, and extensive efforts have been carried out to understand and improve the glass-forming ability of metallic materials supported by large government and industry programs in North America, Asia, and Europe. Minor addition or microalloying technique, which has been widely used in other metallurgical fields, plays effective and important roles in formation, crystallization, thermal stability and property improvement of BMGs. This simple approach provides a powerful tool for the BMG-forming alloys development and design. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the history and the recent developments of this technique in the field of BMGs. The roles of the minor addition in the formation and the properties of the BMGs and the BMG-based composites will be discussed and summarized within the framework of thermodynamics, kinetics and microstructure. The empirical criteria, or the principles and guidelines for the applications of the technique in BMG field are outlined.     

农村简易垃圾焚烧炉周边土壤二恶英分布研究

为了解农村简易生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气中二恶英对周边地区的环境影响,对焚烧炉周边6个环境土壤及焚烧炉排放的飞灰和灰渣中二恶英的分布规律进行了研究.检测结果显示,焚烧炉周边环境土壤样品中二恶英国际毒性当量在2.29～9.45 ng/kg(干基)之间,高于背景值(0.537 I TEQ ng/kg).而焚烧炉排放的飞灰及灰渣中二恶英国际毒性当量分别为3 454和32.2 ng/kg.利用主成分分析方法,发现环境土壤中的二恶英来源较为复杂,焚烧炉污染物排放不是土壤中二恶英的唯一来源.     

Low temperature photoluminescence and infrared dielectric functions of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films on silicon

C-axis oriented ZnO thin films were grown on silicon (100) and (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra show besides the peaks of free excitons, of defect bound excitons, and of a donor-acceptor pair transition a new doublet at 3.328/3.332 eV. The doublet seems to originate from the columnar textured ZnO film structure. A corresponding structural dependence of the broadening parameter of the infrared dielectric functions was derived from spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range from 380 to 1200 cm^− 1. The wave numbers of the E₁ transverse optical and A₁ longitudinal optical phonon modes of the ZnO films on silicon are determined to be 406 and 573 cm^− 1, respectively. These values are slightly smaller than those of single-crystalline ZnO thin films on sapphire.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧产生的二恶英的防治措施

分析比较了国内外对城市生活垃圾焚烧产生的剧毒有机污染物二恶英类(PCDD/Fs)物质的各种防治措施。     

程序升温大体积进样在HRGC-HRMS法测定食品中PCDD/F的应用

目的通过优化程序升温蒸发进样口的相关参数,建立测定食品中多氯代二苯并二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)的程序升温大体积进样高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)方法。方法食品样品提取、净化分离和浓缩按《GB/T 5009.205-2007食品中二噁英及其类似物毒性当量的测定》规定进行,待测试样进样15μL,应用HRGC-HRMS结合同位素稀释技术测定其中PCDD/Fs。结果最佳条件为进样口初始温度115℃,蒸发相温度140℃,蒸发相吹扫流速为5 mL。大体积进样所获得的待测物峰面积及S/N存在显著增加(P0.05)。结论程序升温大体积进样方式能显著提高食品基质中PCDD/Fs的检测能力,有助于保证食品安全风险评估结果的准确可靠。     

Properties of FINEMET with Fe partially replaced by Mn

Thin films and foils of Fe_73.5−xSi_13.5B₉Cu₁Nb₃Mn_x, the FINEMET based amorphous and nanocrytalline alloys with high Mn doping (x = 9, 11, 13, 15 at%), were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and with Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS), as-quenched (a-q) and after annealing (a). Mn, partially replacing Fe, causes common crystallisation temperature T_cr for the identified crystal structures, decrease of the lattice constants a₀, c₀, decrease of hyperfine parameters: magnetic field H_hf and isomer shift IS for amorphous phases and in consequence the Curie temperature T_Cu.     

水对前驱物催化合成二噁英的影响

The effect of water on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins（PCDDs）and dibenzofurans（PCDFs）from precursor was investigated by the experiments with a fixed-bed reactor：the reactant mixture with different moisture of 123-TrCB and CuCl₂ for metal-catalyzed formation,that of 123-TrCB and fly ash for surface-catalyzed formation. The experimental results show that the water has the following effects：first,suppressing the formation of PCDD/Fs as less its yield;second,inhibiting chlorination reaction as lower chlorination degree;third,having different effect on PCDDs and PCDFs as lower ratio of PCDFs/PCDDs.The explanations might be the competitive adsorption of water vapor with TrCB on active sites of the fly ash and the catalysis of copper was weakened chloride because of its oxidative conversion to copper oxide.     

Mechanisms for formation,chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) constitute a group of persistent organic pollutants that form almost inexorably in all thermal and combustion operations. This review focuses on mechanisms that govern their formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction. As a consequence of their extreme toxicity and propensity to bioaccumulate, PCDD/Fs have been subjected to much scientific research, designed to understand mechanisms and conditions that govern their emission rates and congener distribution (fingerprints). Consensus of opinions in the literature points to heterogeneous pathways contributing substantially more in the total yield of PCDD/Fs in combustion systems than the gas phase pathway. However, in our view, a great complexity of both homogeneous and heterogeneous routes and uncertainties in many thermochemical and rate parameters enable no conclusive statement about the contribution of each route. Chlorination patterns of precursors appear to play a major role in final congener profiles of PCDD/F emissions. According to the most recent theoretical studies, these congener profiles seem consistent with thermodynamic stabilities of dioxins and furans produced in thermal processes, however, further theoretical investigations at more accurate levels are needed to clarify this matter further. Theoretical studies along with experimental findings reveal that the PCDD/PCDF ratio remains very sensitive to the operating conditions, with pyrolytic conditions favouring the formation of PCDFs. A number of reaction mechanisms has been proposed to answer many of the most intriguing questions about the formation of PCDD/Fs. These mechanisms include models of gaseous and heterogeneous reactions, often inferred from theoretical quantum chemical calculations studies, which incorporate steps responsible for formation, chlorination, dechlorination and destruction of dioxins and furans. The review identifies gaps in our present understanding of the reaction mechanisms and suggests that further progress in the field needs to be facilitated by development of reliable mechanistic models for (i) catalytic pathways, (ii) chlorination/dechlorination reactions including the Deacon reaction and the direct transfer of chlorine from solid surfaces into the aromatic moieties, and (iii) formation of PCDD/Fs from precursors other than chlorophenols, especially pesticides.     

GTOBAS: fitting continuum functions with Gaussian-type orbitals

GTOBAS is a program for fitting Gaussian-type orbitals (GTOs) to Bessel and Coulomb functions over a finite range. The exponents of the GTOs are optimized using the method of Nestmann and Peyerimhoff [J. Phys. B 23 (1990) L773]. The appended module NUMCBAS provides the numerical Bessel and Coulomb functions required as input for the program. The use of GTO continuum basis sets is particularly important in electron-molecule scattering calculations when polyatomic targets are involved. Sample results for such calculations are also discussed.