INTEGRATING ALBEMARLE RESOLVE DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY WITH NOVEL PETRO-CANADA PROCESS CONCEPTS IN COMMERCIAL FCCU OPERATIONS

The gasoline and distillate sulfur regulations promulgated throughout the world to reduce tail-pipe emissions are now strongly impacting refinery operations and investments. FCC gasoline is recognized as the principal contributor of sulfur to the gasoline pool and has become the focus for meeting the new specifications. The difficulty in removing sterically hindered sulfur species in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) cycle oil drives up the hydrogen and investment costs for treating the distillates. Although installation of pre- and post-treatment facilities is planned by many refiners, other non-capital approaches such as undercutting are being evaluated to meet interim and future sulfur levels. Even when expensive treatment facilities are installed, operating costs can be lowered and the flexibility of the facility increased with improvements in the ability to remove sulfur in the FCCU. In this article, we detail Petro-Canada's experience in integrating Albemarle's RESOLVE sulfur reduction technology with a combination of innovative process ideas. These concepts include heavy naphtha recycle, coprocessing of hydrogen donor feeds, and recycle of light cycle oil (LCO) to a specially designed stripper reactor. Special attention is paid to the interaction of deep FCC feed hydrodesulfurization with the FCC performance. The results demonstrate that very low FCC gasoline sulfur levels can be achieved without significant capital investment through novel approaches to recycle, creative integration of cat feed hydrotreating unit (CFHTU)-FCCU designs and operations, and application of state-of-the-art sulfur reduction additive technology. An added benefit of the RESOLVE 950 sulfur reduction technology is the substantial elimination of sulfur oxides in the FCC flue gas. This has been observed in Petro-Canada operations and numerous other RESOLVE 950 applications around the world.     

Gasoline composition determined by H NMR spectroscopy

A fast and simple ¹H NMR spectroscopic method was developed for the concentration measurement of aromatic, olefinic and aliphatic fractions in gasoline samples. Simultaneously, individual components such as benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether and several dienes could be determined. The method relies on only a few, well-established assumptions about the molecular compositions and is therefore applicable to a broad range of gasolines. It is well suited for laboratories with high sample throughput since measurement time is short and all concentrations are determined within one NMR experiment. The method was applied to commercial gasolines and samples used in European round robin tests. Comparisons of NMR and round robin test results showed excellent agreement.     

Gasoline quality prediction using gas chromatography and FTIR spectroscopy: An artificial intelligence approach

This paper reports on analysis of 45 gasoline samples with different qualities, namely, octane number and chemical composition. Measurements of data from gas chromatography and IR (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to gasoline quality prediction and classification. The data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C means (FCM) algorithm. The data were then analyzed following the neural network paradigms, hybrid neural network and support vector machines (SVM) classifier. The IR spectra were compressed and de-noised by the discrete wavelet analysis. Using the hybrid neural network and multi linear regression method (MLRM), excellent correlation between chemical composition of the gasoline samples and predicted value of the octane number was obtained. About 100% correct classification for six different categories of the gasoline was achieved, each of which has different qualities.     

The taxation effect on gasoline price asymmetry nexus: Evidence from both sides of the Atlantic

This paper explores the degree of competition in various gasoline markets and infers possible causes of price asymmetry across the globe. For this purpose we use the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square method in order to estimate price asymmetry in twelve European countries and the United States for a sample of weekly observations which spans the period from June 1996 to August 2011. The results indicate the common perception that less competitive gasoline markets exhibit price asymmetry, while highly competitive gasoline markets follow a symmetric price adjustment path. Finally, the inclusion of taxes (VAT and excise tax) into retail gasoline prices, supports the existence of price asymmetry in many European countries.     

车用汽油机怠速排放特性研究

对车用汽油机的怠速排放特性进行了试验研究,分析了汽油机怠速排放特性与怠速转速、点火正时和化油器怠速调整状况之间的关系,指出了影响化油器式汽油机怠速排放的主要因素,并提出了降低怠速排放的一些措施。     

小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的汽油机爆震诊断方法

为提高爆震诊断的精度,提出一种小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的爆震诊断方法:以小波变换作为神经网络的前处理器以提取爆震特征;特征参数经模糊处理后,利用神经网络进行爆震诊断。对某汽油机进行了爆震试验,并对小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的爆震诊断方法的有效性进行了检验。结果表明,相对能量、三次原点矩、峭度和方差4个特征参数,能够将小波子带信号的特征刻画出来,小波结合模糊神经网络方法能诊断出爆震边缘,应用于点火控制以提高汽油机的性能。     

《小型汽油机振动测试方法》试验方法的讨论

标准GB/T 10398-1989《小型汽油机振动测试方法》提出了小型通用汽油机振动的试验方法,但是未规定振动测试设备参数的设置。在试验中,仪器参数的设置对试验结果有着重要的影响。通过相关理论及实际的试验分析了仪器参数设置对试验结果的影响,并提出相应的解决方法。     

缸内直接喷射式汽油机点火稳定性的数值分析

缸内直接喷射式汽油机的一个显著特点是依靠火花塞点燃喷入缸内的汽油油束。由于缸内混合气浓度极不均匀，所以其点火及火焰传播过程与普通均质燃烧式发动机有很大的不同。火焰核心的稳定形成及初始火焰发展对缸内的整个燃烧过程有极其重要的影响。本文利用二维两相混合模型模拟喷雾过程，利用一个详细的准维模型模拟火花塞的点火过程，并采用特殊处理方法使两个子模型相匹配，计算了缸内直接喷射式汽油机从喷雾到形成稳定火核的全过程，分析了多种因素对点火稳定性的影响，尤其是对涡流比、点火时刻和喷油定时之间的适当配合进行了模拟分析。计算结果对优化实验有明显的指导作用。     

A new approach to deep desulfurization of gasoline by electrochemically catalytic oxidation and extraction

In order to further reduce the sulfur content in gasoline, a new desulfurization process for gasoline was obtained by means of electrochemically catalytic oxidation and extraction with an electrochemical fluidized-bed reactor. The particle group anode was activated carbon-supported lead dioxide (β-PbO₂/C). The electrolyte was aqueous NaOH solution, and copper pillar was cathode in the electrochemical reactions. The β-PbO₂/C particle group anodes can remarkably accelerate the electrochemical reaction rate and promote the electrochemical catalysis performance for the electrochemical desulfurization reaction. Also, gasoline desulfurization rule was investigated in an alkali solution. The experimental results indicated that the optimal desulfurization conditions were as follows: the cell voltage, the pH value of the electrolyte, feed volume flow rate and the β-PbO₂ percentage by weight were 3.2 V, pH value 13.1, 300 ml min^{− 1} and 5.0 wt.%, respectively. Under these conditions the concentration of sulfur in gasoline was reduced from 310 to 40 μg g^{− 1}, and the main properties of the product were not significantly affected. Based on these experimental results, a mechanism of indirect electrochemical oxidation was proposed.     

汽油烃组成对汽车排放的影响

使用不同烃组成的6种汽油分别在满足国III、国IV排放标准的车型上进行了I型、IV型和VI型排放试验,研究了汽油烯烃、芳烃含量对常温冷启动后、低温冷启动后尾气排放和蒸发排放的影响。结果表明,汽油组成对排放的影响与汽车技术密切相关,满足国IV排放标准的车型上,当芳烃体积分数为35%、油品烯烃体积分数控制在25%时,HC,CO,NOx三种排放物较低;芳烃含量对排放的影响与发动机技术相关,但基本上呈现出芳烃含量较低时排放也较低的趋势;总蒸发排放物随油品烯烃含量增加而增加;油品的非烷烃类烃含量（即烯烃含量与芳烃含量之和）越高,车辆低温冷起动后HC、CO排放越高。