从实例看花岗岩地基勘察的几个特点

以花岗岩类的硬质岩作为建筑物基础持力层,具有承载力高、稳定性好,抗震性强的特点,被许多重要建筑物所采用,尤其是沿海地区的高层建筑物。但往往此类基岩的层面不够“平整”,基岩层面的变化对基础的设计、施工,尤其是桩基础影响很大。本文通过对某高层建筑进行地基勘察的实例,总结了花岗岩地区风化岩层的几个特征及其在工程勘察中需注意的一些问题。     

Swelling behavior induced by alteration in granite and its implications on underground excavation

Granite is commonly recognized as an ideal medium for underground construction. However, in the site investigation for Heimifeng Pumped Storage Power Station project, it was found that there are swelling behaviors induced by alteration in granite and eventually causing slaking and disintegration of rock blocks. The study shows that hydrothermal alteration in granite is primarily due to the intrusion of multi-phase igneous magma. The clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite, are the main causes for the swelling behavior of granite. In the exploratory adits, alteration was observed to occur mainly along faults or fractures in the rock masses and resulted in roof caving if water is present. Some of the highly altered borehole cores swell and crack within 24 h in water and eventually disintegrate completely. From the testing results on the samples, the maximum axial free swelling strain is about 1.2%, while the maximum axial confined swelling strain is around 0.1% with swelling stress less than 25 kPa. Under free swelling tests, 80% of swelling is completed within 24 hours. Under confined swelling condition, swelling process is completed within 1 h for some samples, with 80% of maximum swelling strain finished within around 22 h for most of the samples. Contraction of samples occurs after swelling completed. The strength of granite, reflected by deformation and elastic moduli, shear strength, decreases due to alteration. The deformation and elastic moduli are even lower compared to highly weathered rock. The shear strength is between that for highly weathered and slightly weathered rocks. The swelling characteristics of the altered rock present great challenges for support or lining during construction and operation stages. Support or lining shall be in place immediately after excavation. Since the rock may swell when encountering water, the shotcrete shall be designed accordingly. During the construction of access tunnel and caverns, water shall be drained in time. Drainage directly from surface shall be avoided so as to prevent floor heave.     

麻石烟气脱硫装置耐酸胶泥的研究

通过对用于麻石烟气脱硫装置的2^#和3^#耐酸胶泥的单因素对比试验的研究，得出2^#胶泥耐酸度较好，因而防腐蚀性能也较好。这不仅回收了固废，而且还具有可观的环境效益。     

Laboratory testing of early age bond strength of shotcrete on hard rock

This study investigates early age bond strength of shotcrete (sprayed concrete), in the case of shotcrete sprayed on hard rock. Shotcrete differs from ordinary, cast concrete through the application technique and the addition of set accelerators which give immediate stiffening. The bond between shotcrete and rock is one of the most important properties. During the very first time after spraying the physical properties and the bond to the rock depend on the set accelerator and the micro structure that is formed. In this work a laboratory test method for measuring early bond strength for very young or early age shotcrete is presented. The newly developed method was tested and evaluated and proved that it can be used for bond strength testing already from a couple of hours after shotcreting.     

A methodology to determine the elastic properties of anisotropic rocks from a single uniaxial compression test

This paper introduces a new methodology to measure the elastic constants of transversely isotropic rocks from a single uniaxial compression test. We first give the mathematical proof that a uniaxial compression test provides only four independent strain equations. As a result, the exact determination of all five independent elastic constants from only one test is not possible. An approximate determination of the Young's moduli and the Poisson's ratios is however practical and efficient when adding the Saint–Venant relation as the fifth equation. Explicit formulae are then developed to calculate both secant and tangent definitions of the five elastic constants from a minimum of four strain measurements. The results of this new methodology applied on three granitic samples demonstrate a significant stress-induced nonlinear behavior, where the tangent moduli increase by a factor of three to four when the rock is loaded up to 20 MPa. The static elastic constants obtained from the uniaxial compression test are also found to be significantly smaller than the dynamic ones obtained from the ultrasonic measurements.     

Simulation of the interactions between hydraulic and natural fractures using a fracture mechanics approach

HYDROCK method aims to store thermal energy in the rock mass using hydraulically propagated fracture planes. The hydraulic fractures can interact with the pre-existing natural fractures resulting in a complex fracture network, which can influence the storage performance. This study investigates the interactions between hydraulic and natural fractures using a fracture mechanics approach. The new functionality of the fracture mechanics modelling code FRACOD that enables crossing of hydraulically driven fracture by a pre-existing fracture is presented. A series of two-dimensional numerical models is prepared to simulate the interaction at different approach angles in granitic rock of low permeability. It is demonstrated that multiple interaction mechanisms can be simulated using the fracture mechanics approach. The numerical results are in agreement with the modified Renshaw and Pollard analytical criterion for fracture crossing. The results show that for large approach angles, the hydraulic fracture crosses the natural fracture, whereas for small approach angles, the hydraulic fracture activates the natural fracture and the wing-shaped tensile fractures are propagated from its tips. Thus, the presence of fractures with low dip angles can lead to the growth of more complex fracture network that could impair the thermal performance of the HYDROCK method.     

K_0固结条件下花岗岩残积土三轴CU剪切试验研究

基于K0固结试验原理,将花岗岩残积土试样恢复到天然的K0应力状态,然后进行不排水剪切试验,同时进行三向等压固结状态下的不排水剪切平行试验。经试验结果分析,可知：花岗岩残积土静止侧压力系数K0试验值分布于0.38～0.40,与K0固结土样的K0计算值相近,K0固结试验测得的K0值比传统方式测得的数据稳定;花岗岩残积土CU...     

分级循环加卸载作用下花岗岩变形破坏研究

以地下深部花岗岩为试验材料,利用GAW-2000微机控制电液伺服岩石单轴试验机进行分级循环加卸载试验,研究在同一递增荷载幅度条件下,试件的抗压强度、变形、破坏特征、残余应变以及弹性模量的变化趋势。结果表明：在单轴分级循环加卸载试验作用下,岩样的峰值强度随着每级循环次数的增加呈现递减趋势,且单调荷载应力-应变曲线包络住循环荷载应力-应变曲线；岩样破坏特征主要以剪切破坏为主,随着循环次数增加,破坏裂纹更加分散；岩样在加载过程中,岩体内部的结构在不断地调整,导致结构面变得密集与裂隙间更加闭合,卸载时回弹变形有滞后现象,加载起点与卸载终点不重合；轴向弹性、残余应变与环向弹性、残余应变随循环次数变化的规律具有相似性,岩样弹性模量曲线的趋势以“波浪形”的规律交替变化。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔早中生代花岗岩的年代学和岩石地球化学研究：对岩石成因和地球动力学机制的制约

微细粒钛铁矿的回收制约着我国攀西地区钛资源的高效开发利用。四川某矿业公司的斜板溢流原矿属辉石、橄榄石混合型钛铁矿,且粒度极细,-19 μm产率为79.22％,其中TiO2分布率为87.54％。研究结果表明,预先采用强磁选可有效消除部分超微细粒钛辉石、橄榄石等易浮杂质对浮选分离的不利影响,磁选精矿通过一次粗选五次精选一次精扫选流程,可获得钛精矿产率为21.85％,TiO2品位为47.44％,回收率为62.89％的良好指标,为矿山高效利用钛资源提供了合理的技术方案。     

海拉尔盆地二氧化碳气藏成因

通过分析海拉尔盆地ＣＯ２气的成因类型探讨了ＣＯ２气与燕山期花岗岩侵入体的气源关系，描述了侵入岩体存在及分布的地质特征，归纳了盆地ＣＯ２气的成藏条件。