HLA联邦执行的维护机制研究

HLA联邦执行是一个复杂而庞大的系统,其运行中的维护十分复杂。为了保障整个系统正确、稳定和高效地运行,RTI及所有联邦成员必须有一个完备和合理的联邦维护机制,但HLA仅提供了联邦维护的工具一管理对象模型MOM,并未对联邦维护机制及MOM的使用方式作出规定。该文旨在对MOM的使用进行探讨。文中深入分析了HLA管理对象模型(MOM)的概念、体系,MOM的工作机制,以及联邦执行中MOM维护功能的主要方面,包括联邦执行的信息获取、联邦执行的故障处理、系统运行的跟踪和监控等,并设计了用于仿真实验数据分析和回放的基于MOM的联邦数据收集的方法,为RTI及联邦的设计和开发提供了参考。     

Developing a model curriculum for a university course in health impact assessment in the USA

As health impact assessments (HIAs) become increasingly common in the USA, there is growing demand for instruction beyond short courses and online training. As of October 2013, there are graduate level courses that include instruction on HIA in at least 17 universities in the USA, including four courses that focus explicitly on HIA. Instructors of these four courses collaborated to develop a model curriculum for teaching HIA that draws on a framework for experiential learning and on a theoretical model of curriculum formulation. This article includes an in-depth analysis of these courses and presents a model curriculum for HIA instruction during an academic quarter or semester course in a university. This model curriculum may help faculty develop a graduate level HIA course at their institution, as well as inform public health and community design professionals interested in building capacity to conduct HIAs, and students considering taking an HIA course. International instructors could also learn from the US experience, and apply the model curriculum to their setting and educational structure.     

Assessing impacts on people's relationships to place and community in health impact assessment: an anthropological approach

This paper explores a way in which health impact assessment (HIA) practitioners can improve their evaluation of the effects of infrastructure developments on people's intangible connections and emotional attachments to places and communities, and their health impacts. This assessment poses conceptual and methodological challenges. It is argued that social anthropology and the social sciences offer HIA a conceptual vocabulary and a methodology for exploring these relationships. These relationships are defined then positioned in HIA as an outcome of the health determinant, social capital. The paper offers a critique of their treatment in an HIA case study from the United Kingdom. Its shortcomings are used to propose a predominantly qualitative, anthropological methodology. The overall approach offers benefits. Practitioners gain clarification, new tools, a more holistic HIA, and links between these relationships, well-being, and sustainability and resilience. Developers are shown how to sensitise their approach, potentially enhancing community support.     

IAIA'99

Operation of small-scale biomass power plants might cause some health impacts. This research aimed to assess physical, mental and social health impacts using public perceptions. Data were collected using a questionnaire interview and focus-group discussion. Two rice-husk power plants were selected for study cases. Three hundred and ninety local people were interviewed using a questionnaire and 45 community representatives participated in 6 focus-group discussions. From this survey, the top three health impacts based on public perception were frustration with having to clean their houses often because of dust from the power plant, the power plant increased local air pollution and air pollutants from the power plant irritated the respiratory system. Only half of the respondents believed that the power plant affected the community economically and increased their family income. In conclusion, operation of biomass power plants may cause health impacts to nearby residents. Further study to objectively quantify the impacts is recommended.     

Investigation of antibacterial activity of new classes of essential oils derivatives

Essential oils (EOs) have deserved much attention in the past decades for their antimicrobial activity, since many of them have demonstrated efficacy against food-borne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Moreover, they have potential application in animal nutrition as multifunctional feed supplements, avoiding or diminishing the use of antibiotics in livestock. However, low solubility and bioavailability as well as volatility and marked aromatic note are important limitations in food and feed applications. In this study we present the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of new thymol, carvacrol and menthol derivatives. The new compounds have been designed to overcome the limitations of the precursors, such as poor water solubility and volatility, still maintaining a good antimicrobial profile. We evaluated the activity of the synthetized compounds against pathogens causing important foodborne diseases, i.e. Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli. The low MICs and MBCs values for some of the studied compounds, combined with water solubility and negligible cytotoxicity towards HT-29 human cells, confirmed the potential use for EOs derivatives in the food industry.     

HIA practices in Nigeria

Health impact assessment (HIA) provides useful information on existing health services, their capabilities and the health status of the local communities, which is otherwise often unavailable. In Nigeria, HIA is usually applied to projects and, by exposing existing health inequities in project communities, provides the necessary tool for development proponents to act to provide or improve health services and to implement health promotion activities. Based on HIA experience in Nigeria, this paper highlights the deficiencies in national legislation with regards to HIA/EIA (environmental impact assessment) integration and a number of learning points are discussed. First, a complete health baseline is critical to the understanding of project impacts; analysis must be broad-based, considering existing health determinants. Second, community stakeholders and proponents may modify the implementation of health mitigation measures and should be seen as collaborators in the assessment process. Third, strong HIA recommendations can influence project design. A greater participation of the health sector in EIA is required to enhance HIA utilization.