Solving unit commitment problems with general ramp constraints

Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithms are among the most successful approaches for solving large-scale hydro-thermal unit commitment (UC) problems; this is largely due to the fact that the single-unit commitment (1UC) problems resulting from the decomposition, incorporating many kinds of technical constraints such as minimum up- and down-time requirements and time-dependent startup costs, can be efficiently solved by dynamic programming (DP) techniques. Ramp constraints have historically eluded efficient exact DP approaches; however, this has recently changed [Frangioni A, Gentile C. Solving nonlinear single-unit commitment problems with ramping constraints. Oper Res 2006;54(4):767–75]. We show that the newly proposed DP algorithm for ramp-constrained (1UC) problems allows to extend existing LR approaches to ramp-constrained (UC); this is not obvious since the heuristic procedures typically used to recover a primal feasible solution are not easily extended to take ramp limits into account. However, dealing with ramp constraints in the subproblems turns out to be sufficient to provide the LR heuristic enough guidance to produce good feasible solutions even with no other modification of the approach; this is due to the fact that (sophisticated) LR algorithms to (UC) duly exploit the primal information computed by the Lagrangian Dual, which in the proposed approach is ramp feasible. We also show by computational experiments that the LR [approach] is competitive with those based on general-purpose mixed-integer program (MIP) solvers for large-scale instances, especially hydro-thermal ones.     

Systematic tool to plan and evaluate demand side strategies during sustained energy crises in hydrothermal power systems

HARE, a systematic tool to evaluate demand side measures to face sustained energy supply risk in hydrothermal power systems is presented in this paper. The main focus of the paper is to help centralized planners to systematically discuss, select, and plan the measures that better respond to the variety of critical situations that can arise due to expected energy shortage, integrate them into the usual medium-term scheduling tool and consequently keep the associated overall costs as low as possible. A medium-term definition of the system state is proposed as a decision-making aid, as well as a set of general energy saving measures that can be applied with their corresponding attributes (time delays, costs of implementation, and energy saving impact). The tool is demonstrated and applied to a simplified version of Chilean’s medium-term hydrothermal scheduling model and to a specific risk scenario experienced during 2011. The results show that it is possible to define various sets of demand side measures that avoid the impacts on the system and subsequently to select among them those with least expected implementation costs. This tool seems mainly useful for hydro-electric systems, which are more vulnerable to sustained energy supply risk. Every power system will have to go through a detailed review and planning process to implement this type of tool.     

NaOH激发无机聚合物的水热合成及其性能研究

以NaOH为碱性激发剂,粉煤灰与偏高岭土为前驱体材料进行研究,采用水热合成方法制备无机聚合物。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以强度为指标确定最佳水固比、 NaOH浓度、粉煤灰掺量、蒸养时间和温度。并研究了不同配比试样的抗压强度、流动性能,通过XRD分析其反应产物。结果表明,采用水热合成的方法可以显著提高无机聚合物的强度,同时在进行水热合成之前进行室温下的预养护有利于强度的提高。最优工艺参数为：粉煤灰掺量50%, NaOH溶液为10 mol/L,60℃热固化4 h后脱模,经室温养护24 h,在100℃蒸养24 h可制得地强度高达45．5 MPa聚合物材料。     

氟离子体系中制备MCM－48介孔分子筛

利用溶胶-凝胶水热法,以阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为模板,正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为硅源,在不同n（F）／n（Si02）（摩尔比为0～0．2）下合成了MCM-48介孔分子筛。通过粉末X射线衍射（XRD）,N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）对合成样品进行表征。结果表明：反应物中加入F,有利于制备出有序性好、骨架聚合度高、热稳定性和水热稳定性好的MCM-48介孔分子筛材料。由XRD谱图发现：n（F）／n（SiO2）在0．0～0．1时均能生成MCM-48,且随着n（F）／n（SiO。）比率的增大所得样品的结晶度增强,有序度增加;当n（F）／n（SiO2）增大到0．2时,样品的结晶度减弱,有序度降低。     

水热合成技术的研究和应用──Ⅲ.钛酸钡晶体粉末的制备

本文叙述了水热加工技术制备钛酸钡晶体粉末，采用Ba（OH）2和TiO（OH）2为水热前驱物，讨论和比较了制备水热前驱物的原料，对水热条件：KOH浓度、温度和时间进行了考察.初步探讨了水热合成BaTiO3的机理并合理地解释了实验结果.     

水火电联合系统短期动态优化调度

对水电火联合系统短期动态优化调度进行了较全面的分析和研究，对如何确定水电子系统最大可行流提出了切实可行的求解方法，考察了火电子系统的动态特性，基于网流技术中的ＯＫＡ算法使水火电联合系统进行全国经济协调，从而使水火电联合系统短期动态优化调度与实际情况又接近一步，试算表明此方法是有效的。     

铁矿烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰亚临界水热非均相氧化

采用亚临界水热氧化法对铁矿烧结烟气半干法脱硫灰进行氧化,采用单因素变量法考察初始压强、温度、固液比、反应时间对脱硫灰中CaSO3氧化的影响。结果表明,适当增加初始压强、提高氧化温度、降低固液比及增加氧化时间可有效改善脱硫灰中CaSO3的氧化效果,温度对CaSO3氧化影响最显著。在初始压强4 MPa、反应温度240℃、反应时间120 min、固液质量比为1:30的条件下,脱硫灰中CaSO4定向析出,呈纤维状,为脱硫灰水热氧化同步合成CaSO4晶须提供了可能。     

4A沸石合成新工艺的研究

介绍了一种一步合成4A沸石的新工艺,该工艺特征在于直接用拜尔法种分母液,无需提温,为降低4A沸石生产成本提供了新思路,所制产品各项质量指标均达到洗涤助剂用4A沸石标准要求。     

甘肃黄土高原地区土壤水热特征分析研究

利用甘肃黄土高原代表站地温、土壤含水量及降水资料,运用统计模拟方法,分析了土壤温度的日变化及土中热交换特性,评述了水热耦合效应。地温的日变化特性用谐波分析方法描述,各季典型天气下24小时热通量值由热平衡台站规范方法计算。结果表明,各层次地温的日变化基本表现为一阶谐波,这种正弦的波形尤以晴天最为明显。不同季节典型天气下土中热通量的变化由正值转为负值的时间基本一致出现在16时,阴天提前1时,由负值转为正值的时间基本一致出现在7时,冬季阴天出现在9时。水热交互作用与土壤含水量的变化有显著相关关系。     

Steam and supercritical water gasification of densified canola meal fuel pellets

In this research, canola meal was densified using bio-additives including alkali lignin, glycerol, and l-proline. The fuel pellet's formulation was optimized. The best fuel pellet demonstrated relaxed density and mechanical durability of 1015 kg/m³ and 99.0%, respectively. Synchrotron-based computer tomography technique indicated that lack of water in pellet formulation resulted in a twofold increase in pellet porosity. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that ignition temperature (240 °C) and burn-out temperature (640 °C) for fuel pellet were smaller than those for coal. Impacts of process parameters were evaluated on the quality of the gas product obtained from pellet's steam gasification and hydrothermal gasification. The gasification experiments showed production of untreated syngas with a suitable range of H₂/CO molar ratio (1.3–1.6) using steam gasification. Hydro-thermal gasification produced a larger molar ratio of H₂/CO (1.8–51.2) for the gas product. Modeling of pellet's steam gasification showed an excellent agreement with experimental results of steam gasification.