Decolourisation of aqueous dyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fenton's reagent

Combined oxidation with ozone and Fenton's reagent (‘Fentozone’ process) for decolourisation of aqueous dyes was studied and compared with traditional Fenton's reagent. Although the ‘Fentozone’ process was found to be effective at a wide range of pH values, the maximum colour removal was achieved at pH 4. The effect of pre‐ozonation on colour removal efficiency of aqueous dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent was investigated. The reaction kinetics using water‐soluble acid and reactive dyes were also studied. Our experimental results show that pre‐ozonation can considerably accelerate decomposition of dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent. Different concentrations of ferrous sulfate were used to investigate their influences on the removal of colour. The rate of reaction increased with increasing doses of ferrous sulfate. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modeling and analysis of automobile warranty data in presence of bias due to customer-rush near warranty expiration limit

Automobile users experiencing soft failures, often delay reporting of warranty claims till the coverage is about to expire. This results into a customer-rush near the warranty expiration limit leading to an occurrence of ‘spikes’ in warranty claims towards the end of warranty period and thereby introducing a bias into the dataset. At the same time, an occurrence of manufacturing/assembly defects in addition to the usage related failures, lead to ‘spikes’ in warranty claims near the beginning of the warranty period. When such data are used to capture the field failures for obtaining feedback on product quality/reliability, it may lead product or reliability engineers to potentially obtain a distorted picture of the reality. Although in reliability studies from automobile warranty data, several authors have addressed the well-recognized issues of incomplete and unclean nature of warranty data, the issue of ‘spikes’ has not received much attention. In this article, we address the issue of ‘spikes’ in the presence of the incomplete and unclean nature of warranty data and provide a methodology to arrive at component-level empirical hazard plots from such automobile warranty data.     

德国绿色建筑评价标准DGNB-2018版本的修订与启示

介绍德国绿色建筑评价标准2018版本的修订思路及内容,并为我国ASGB修订提供启示。从文献中搜集资料,总结归纳DGNB在德国发展概况及2018版本由来,利用纵横对比方法去解析2018版本的变化及提升条文的内容。发现该版本以经济可持续性理念进行了修订。在内容上,增加适用建筑类型、延续评价定级与阶段并调整大类指标权重与小类内容;在结构上,增加新的版块,以“以人为本、创新领域、循环经济”的理念去创新性地整合大部分条文。DGNB—2018版本在整合过程、标准工具、应用经济、管理评价的内容可为我国绿色建筑评价标准修订及双认证工作给予帮助。     

COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR A MOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

This paper gives a brief and systematic presentation of the computer simulation techniques of satellite communications, especially for a mobile satellite channel, based on a summarization of the author's exploration and experience in this area. It includes the equivalent complex baseband notation (ECBN) method, a very convenient mathematical form for software simulation; development of a multi-functional and expandable channel simulation system on a computer from L-band to Ka-band; channel impulse or frequency response estimation in real time by the technique burst-mode link analyser with least-squares algorithm (BMLA/LS), modelling and simulation of the channel fast fading due to multipath and shadowing; acquisition of the equivalent normalized binary signal-to-noise ratio (E_b/N₀) data at the channel input; and bit-error rate (BER) evaluation by the directly error-counting approach and the computational approach at the channel output in simulation.     

The effect of sowing date and growth stage on the essential oil composition of three types of parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

Essential oils obtained by simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) from leaves, petioles and roots of three types of parsley (turnip‐rooted, plain leaf and curly leaf type), sown on three different dates, were analysed by GC‐MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. Parsley plants were found to produce mainly β‐phellandrene, 1,3,8‐p‐menthatriene, α‐,p‐dimethylstyrene, myristicin, β‐myrcene and apiole. In some cases α‐ and β‐pinene were also found, whereas β‐elemene was detected, especially in the curly leaf type. The growth stage, plant tissue and date of sowing, as well as the climate conditions, all had a significant effect on the essential oil composition by altering the ratio of the above substances. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

A new approach for the computation of design shear force in reinforced concrete walls subjected to seismic loads

This paper investigates the dynamic shear amplification in reinforced concrete shear walls designed according to the seismic provisions of the current Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC-2018). Shear walls with a high ductility level and different aspect ratios are examined to evaluate the design shear force calculated by using the dynamic amplification factor (β_v) and overstrength factor (D) defined in TBEC-2018. For this purpose, response spectrum analyses (RSAs) are first carried out on two-dimensional cantilever shear walls with heights of 30, 45, and 60 m and with lengths of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 m in the plan. Then, a total of 198 nonlinear time history analyses (NLTHAs) are performed with real and simulated ground motions matched to the elastic design spectrum defined in TBEC-2018. The comparison of the design shear forces obtained from RSA and the shear demands obtained from NLTHA along the heights of the walls reveals that the design shear forces calculated according to TBEC-2018 may underestimate the actual shear demands from studied ground motions. Moreover, the applicability of the updates proposed to TBEC-2018 for the design shear force and shear force diagram along the wall height in reinforced concrete shear wall-frame systems to cantilever shear walls is also examined.     

Maillard reaction during the processing of ‘Doce de leite’

‘Doce de leite’, a dairy product widely consumed in Brazil as a dessert or cake filling, is obtained from the heat treatment of milk and sucrose. On heating, the Maillard reaction occurs with the formation of desirable brown-coloured products with a characteristic and pleasant flavour. However, the reaction can also lead to changes in nutritive value. In order to follow chemically the extension of the Maillard reaction and its effect on the nutritive value of ‘doce de leite’ its commercial processing was followed. Increases in the level of free 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and in absorption at 420 nm by pigments attached to the protein were observed. The amino acid analysis showed a significant decrease in lysine levels (33%) as well as in arginine (11%) and histidine (10%). There was also a reduction in available lysine levels, as measured by the fluorodinitrobenzene (50.6%) and by the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (23.5%) methods. These results suggest a deleterious effect of the processing of ‘doce de leite’ on the nutritive value of the milk.     

典型碳酸盐岩渗透力学行为特征及其对储、盖性质的判定

目前对碳酸盐岩的研究主要关注其油气的储集空间,针对含油气盆地中碳酸盐岩的勘探也主要是为了寻找优质的油气储集体。然而,随着油气勘探向深层更古老的地层拓展,有效的碳酸盐岩储—盖配置显得至关重要。勘探证实,深埋条件下碳酸盐岩有利相带仍然发育高孔渗的优质储集体,然而是否发育与之配置的碳酸盐岩盖层就成为了制约深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探的关键因素。首次系统全面地通过对典型碳酸盐岩开展不同温度条件下三轴应力加载全过程渗透力学试验,得出了碳酸盐岩在破坏变形过程中渗透率随温度、围压的演化过程。试验分析结果显示,典型白云岩和典型灰岩在深埋应力作用过程中渗透力学行为特征具有明显差异,白云岩更多地显示出储集性能的特征,表现为脆—塑转换临界围压较大,岩石更容易形成裂缝,渗透率随温度的增加而增大等;而灰岩则表现出盖层的属性,体现在脆—塑转换临界围压小于白云岩,岩石相对容易形成密闭,渗透率随温度的增大逐渐减小。综合分析认为,白云岩和灰岩的纵向叠置能够形成有效的油气藏储—盖组合。     

2018年中国磷矿选矿年评

总结了2018年国内磷矿选矿的最新科研成果,包括磷矿浮选机理、选矿工艺、浮选药剂、选矿设备以及选矿试验设计。浮选机理研究常采用Zeta电位测定、红外光谱表征、吸附量、表面张力测试以及溶液化学平衡计算等方法。选矿工艺呈现多样化,特别是高性能改性捕收剂和选矿设备的开发为磷矿选矿工业生产起到了较大的推动作用。但是关于磷矿选矿基础理论及选矿智能化的系统研究则较为欠缺,有待于进一步加强。