The Rise of the ‘Invisible Detail’: Ubiquitous Computing and the ‘Minimum Meaningful’

The architectural detail has provided the essential material building block for conveying an idea. Carlo Ratti and Matthew Claudel of the SENSEable City Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ask how this, though, is all set to change in a digital context. As technologies shrink and vanish from sight, what might become the new minimum meaningful unit for architecture? How might a new relational scale establish itself, at the level of the ‘invisible detail’ or the microchip? How might this, in turn, change the very nature of buildings as they become highly responsive, human-occupied transmitters?     

An analysis of transport phenomena for multi-solid particle systems at higher Reynolds numbers by a 5th order polynomial Karman-Pohlhausen method

Using the concentric spheres free surface model and a 5th order polynomial Karman-Pohlhausen method of the laminar boundary layer theory, the dimensionless tangential stress distributions, the dimensionless pressure distributions around a solid sphere in a swarm and the viscous, form and total drag coefficients for multi-solid sphere systems were numerically computed at higher Reynolds numbers, based on the first assumption that the pressure distribution equals that of potential flow between concentric spheres up to the separation point, and behind the separation point in the wake region the pressure does not recover and keeps constant, and on the second assumption that the pressure distribution varies according to the measurement of Flachsbart.The theoretical drag coefficient of single solid spheres in an infinite medium based on the second assumption agreed with the experimental data in the range of the Reynolds numbers from $\text{3 × 10}{}^2\text{to 10}{}^5$.The friction factor for multi-solid particle systems based on the first assumption is almost the same as that on the 4th order polynomial and agreed with the experimental data of packed and distended beds.The void functions obtained from the drag coefficients for multi-solid particle systems based on both first and second assumptions were almost the same as the one on the 4th order polynomial.Using the velocity profiles based on concentric spheres free surface model and a 5th order polynomial Karman-Pohlhausen method of the laminar boundary layer obtained previously, the diffusion equation was solved numerically at higher Reynolds numbers on the first assumption of the pressure distribution around a solid sphere in a swarm equals that of potential flow between concentric spheres from the frontal stagnation point to the separation one, and the pressure does not recover, but keeps constant behind the separation point in the wake region. The mass transfer rate for multi-solid particle systems so computed was almost the same as that on the 4th order polynominal and agreed with the experimental data of single Solid spheres, and packed and particulate fluidized beds at higher Reynolds numbers.     

5种杀虫剂对不同发育阶段螟黄赤眼蜂的安全性评价

[目的]明确5种常用杀虫剂对不同发育阶段螟黄赤眼蜂的安全性。[方法]在实验室条件下采用药膜法测定了5种药剂对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂的毒性及对不同发育阶段赤眼蜂羽化率的影响。[结果]高效氯氰菊酯对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂的毒性最强,LR₅₀是9.16×10^-6mg/cm²,为极高风险性杀虫剂;阿维菌素、吡虫啉、呋虫胺对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂的毒性较强,LR₅₀分别是5.49×10^-5、8.24×10^-5、1.28×10^-4mg/cm²,为高风险性杀虫剂;氯虫苯甲酰胺对螟黄赤眼蜂成蜂的毒性最弱,LR₅₀是1.54×10^-2,为低风险性杀虫剂。阿维菌素在螟黄赤眼蜂整个发育阶段尤其在卵期和幼虫期处理,呋虫胺、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯和氯虫苯甲酰胺在螟黄赤眼蜂预蛹期和蛹期处理,螟黄赤眼蜂的羽化率显著降低。[结论]氯虫苯甲酰胺对螟黄赤眼蜂各发育阶段均较安全,值得推广使用。在大田释放赤眼蜂进行生物防治时,应避免高风险性杀虫剂的使用,以避免对赤眼蜂造成伤害。     

Apotheosis and memory: Ishii jūji,a savior for our times

ABSTRACT

This article examines the relationship between history, sacred architecture, and the production of meaning. In particular, it discusses the way in which the historical figure of Ishii Jūji (1865–1914), a renowned child relief activist and religious utopianist of late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Japan, becomes constituted as a sacred symbol through the interplay of architecture, displays, and iconography at the Ishii Jūji Museum in the grounds of the Ishii Jūji Kinen Yūaisha (the Ishii Jūji Memorial Center of Loving Friendship; hereafter Yūaisha). Through its commemoration, the Yūaisha draws upon a complex historical legacy as the source of its present vision and attributes to Ishii a divine status through material representations in the form of texts, photographs, objects, and religious iconography. Moreover, the Yūaisha, propelled by Ishii as sacred symbol, has come to produce new material spaces, through the construction of buildings, fields, gardens, through which its vision of social care may be realized. As a result, history and material religion collide to produce new spaces of meaning in the present.