A study on the transient characteristics of a self-regulating Joule-Thomson cryocooler

An experimental and numerical study of transient characteristics for the self-regulating Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryocooler is developed in the present work. The modelling of the bellows control mechanism and the simulation of the cooler system are developed. It is proved by experiment that the most important transient behaviours can be accurately predicted by the present numerical simulation. In order to rectify the instability problem of the bellows controlled J-T cooler, this study also proposes a revised design to improve temperature stability. The revised dual-orifice J-T cooler can effectively reduce the phenomena of unstable temperature and mass flow rate, but sacrifices the expected gas consumption rise by approximately 5 percent. Through experimental evaluation, it becomes obvious that this revised type cooler would be a better design.     

Temperature rise of He Ⅱ forced flow and its negative Joule-Thomson effect

The temperature rise of He Ⅱ transfer system due to the negative Joule-Thomson(JT)effect is one of the major problems in the He Ⅱ forced flow system design.Negative Joule-Thomson effect of the He Ⅱ forced flow was analyzed and calculated in this paper.The temperature rise due to the heat leak along the transfer pipeline was calculated by the simplified equation and was modified by considering the negative Joule-Thomson effect.The modified results were compared with the temperature rise obtained by non-linear differential equations with consideration of the pressure gradient.The results show that the pressure gradient has strong effect on the temperature distribution.The modified results are in good agreement with the values calculated by the complicated equation,which verifies the effectiveness of the simplified equation in calculating the temperature rise when the negative JT effect of He Ⅱ is known.     

Heat transfer coefficient measurements for mixed gas working fluids at cryogenic temperatures

The use of mixed gas working fluids has become common in Joule-Thomson type cryocoolers for a variety of applications. However, there is very little data or theory currently available regarding the heat transfer coefficient associated with these multi-component, multi-phase mixtures at cryogenic temperatures. This paper describes an experimental test facility and procedure that has been used to make careful measurements of the horizontal, flow boiling heat transfer coefficient for several hydrocarbon mixtures that are nominally optimal for small, Joule-Thomson cryocoolers in the 80 K to 120 K operating range. Data are presented over a range of temperatures from 100 K to room temperature and for several pressures and mass flow rates. The results indicate that quality and mass flux are the most important parameters governing the heat transfer coefficient among those that were varied. The experiment is verified by carrying out tests using single-phase, pure nitrogen gas and comparing the results with the Dittus-Boelter equation. The experimental uncertainty of the measurements is estimated from 1st principles; additionally, the repeatability of the experimental measurements was investigated by replicating tests at a nominal set of operating conditions and composition on separate days. The measurements presented here are intended to aid in the design of small, mixed-gas Joule-Thomson cryocoolers.     

HgCdTe红外焦平面用锥形节流致冷杜瓦组件

介绍了一种用于HgCdTe红外焦平面的致冷器杜瓦组件的设计和试验情况.该组件通过采用锥形结构,包括锥形杜瓦和锥形节流致冷器两部分,提高了降温速度,有效地缩短了组件的轴向尺寸,结构更加紧凑,尤其适用于轴向尺寸受到限制的红外导引头.     

气体泄漏传热模型及其有限元分析

对气体发生泄漏时漏孔处的流动与传热耦合特性进行研究。分析泄漏流动状态并考虑摩擦力影响,推导气体泄漏描述方程,利用焦耳-汤姆逊系数计算泄漏节流温差并采用压缩因子进行修正。基于有限元方法建立传热模型,对泄漏稳态流与热传导的耦合场进行仿真分析,进而通过红外热成像方式实现泄漏点定位。仿真与实验结果表明,该传热模型较好地表征了泄漏发生时漏孔处的热特性,为利用红外成像技术的泄漏定位方法奠定了基础。     

涡流温度分离技术在天然气行业的应用

涡流管又叫朗格-希尔茨效应管,是一种结构简单而且能将压缩气体分为冷热两股温度不同气体的能量分离机械装置,具有结构简单、温度变化范围大、无运动部件、免维护、使用寿命长、适应环境能力强、稳定可靠、节能、安全、环保等优点。着重研究涡流效应在天然气输配行业的加热效果及推广应用价值,通过对涡流特性分析,涡流温度分离结构的改进,天然气输配系统运行特征分析,得出涡流加热的优越性。虽然涡流技术已在很多工业领域得到广泛的应用,但目前为止,天然气领域的涡流技术应用依然处于起步阶段,由于其独特的优势,决定了涡流技术将在天然气行业有广泛的应用前景。     

Test results after refurbish of cryogenic system for smiles

Superconducting Sub-millimeter-wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) is to be operated aboard the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2009. SMILES uses two superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers for sub-millimeter-wave atmospheric observation and they are cooled to 4 K levels by a cryogenic system with a two-stage Stirling cooler, a Joule-Thomson (JT) cycle cooler and a cryostat composed of three stages. Two-stage Stirling cooler precools the JT circuit and also cools radiation shields in the cryostat. JT circuit has three tube-in-tube type heat exchangers and an orifice for JT expansion in the cryostat. The cryogenic system is built, tested and delivered.     

A method for estimating the composition of the mixture to be charged to get the desired composition in circulation in a single stage JT refrigerator operating with mixtures

It has been shown earlier in literature that the composition of the mixture in circulation at steady state is different from that charged into the system in Joule-Thomson refrigerators operating with mixtures. There are no methods in literature that help us charge a particular composition into the system in order to get the desired composition in circulation at steady state. Experiments were performed with 30 different charge compositions, two different heat exchangers, and two different heat loads to understand the relationship between the composition in circulation and that charged. Based on these experiments, a method is proposed for estimating the charge composition required to get the desired composition in circulation.     

干气密封的实际气体焦耳-汤姆逊效应分析

干气密封系统中气体通过过滤器、阀门、孔板和密封端面等组件时会发生焦耳-汤姆逊（JT）效应,可能导致密封气温度降低,甚至出现液相凝析。焦耳-汤姆逊效应一般通过焦耳-汤姆逊系数来反映。针对干气密封常面临的氢气、氮气、空气和二氧化碳,利用VDW方程、RK方程、SRK方程和PR方程4个经典状态方程（EOS）分别计算了相应的焦耳-汤姆逊（JT）系数,并与文献实验数据进行了比较,选择最佳状态方程作出各气体的JT系数曲线和焦耳-汤姆逊反转曲线（JTIC）,并利用编程计算出空气和氮气通过干气密封端面时,由于JT效应引起的气体温降。结果表明：实际气体的焦耳-汤姆逊效应,对干气密封的节流环节会产生重要影响。常温条件下,氢气发生致热效应,而氮气、空气和二氧化碳气体发生致冷效应。采用4种状态方程计算焦耳-汤姆逊系数时,RK方程的平均相对误差和最大相对误差最低且分别小于4%和10%。干气密封气体的实际气体焦耳-汤姆逊效应能引起较大的温度变化,其中气体介质压力比介质温度对温差的影响更大。压力较小时JT效应引起的温降可以忽略。关键词：干气密封;实际气体;状态方程;焦耳-汤姆逊系数;反转曲线     

红外用微型节流制冷器温度采集系统

制冷温度是红外用微型节流制冷器最关键的参数之一.能否精确快速采集红外用微型节流制冷器的温度,对该制冷器的研制和生产起着至关重要的作用.介绍了一种使用美国NI公司的数据采集卡和LABview软件编制的温度数据采集系统.该系统可以同时对几个样本点进行精确的温度采集及保存,还可以将不同样本点与时间的关系用图表的形式直观的表现出来.